03 - A Little History & TOTs

Question 0

What was Wilhelm Wundt trained in?

Answer 0

Medicine

Question 1

What were the two big names in psychology in the 1800s?

Answer 1

Wilhelm Wundt

William James

Question 2

Wilhelm Wundt was the first person to call himself a ______ and the first person to write ______.

Answer 2

Psychologist

A book on psychology

Question 3

Wilhelm Wundt studied psychology from the point of ______.

Answer 3

Introspection

Question 4

What would Wilhelm Wundt do when he brought people into his lab?

Answer 4

He would expose them to a stimulus then ask people to reflect on what they were thinking/feeling

Question 5

William James was the first ______.

Answer 5

American psychologist

Question 6

What professions did William James practice?

2

Answer 6

Medicine

Philosophy

Question 7

Did William James use introspection?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

How was James’ introspection different from Wundt’s?

2

Answer 8

It was more pragmatic

He was more interested in how psychology works in people’s every day life like why do we forget things

Question 9

Why do we not use introspection anymore?

Answer 9

Due to subjectivity and the rapidity of actual thought

Question 10

How did Wilhelm Wundt & William James make a big impact?

Answer 10

By showing that psychology could be studied and measured

Question 11

What and who were the 1920s known for?

2

Answer 11

Behavioralism

B.F. Skinner

Question 12

What does Behavioralism study?

2

Answer 12

Only things that are able to be to observed and measured

Stimulus goes in, reaction comes out

Question 13

How did B.F. Skinner see language?

2

Answer 13

As something that must be learned

Verbal behavior

Question 14

What was B.F. Skinner’s language acquisition book called?

Answer 14

“Verbal Behavior”

Question 15

How did B.F. Skinner believe that children learned language?

3

Answer 15

When correct language is modeled by caretakers

Stimulus (parent says “cookie”) leads to Response associations (child mimics word and gets cookie)

This is shaped by imitation (Not /tʊkɪ/. Say /kʊkɪ/) and reinforcement (positive or negative)

Question 16

What is Associative chain theory?

Answer 16

The idea that in language, each proceeding word is stimulated by the preceding word

The -> boy-> saw -> the -> dog ->

Question 17

Who were the 1950s known for?

Answer 17

Noam Chomsky

Question 18

What did Noam Chomsky think of Skinner’s theories?

Answer 18

That they were nonsense.

Question 19

What did Noam Chomsky call his attack on Behavioralism?

Answer 19

The Poverty of the Stimulus

Question 20

What is the Poverty of the Stimulus?

Answer 20

Chomsky’s belief that we cannot go from no language ability to full language ability by age 4 by only using the linguistic input from our daily lives

There would not be enough information in this input to explain the complexity and originality of the child’s utterances

Question 21

What was Noam Chomsky’s argument for the Poverty of the Stimulus?

(2)

Answer 21

That there was no way we could be exposed to all possible sentences by that age

That we could create new sentences that had never been created before (a.k.a., Language is creative)

Question 22

How did Noam Chomsky see the origin of language?

2

Answer 22

That is must be innate

That it has a universal grammar

Question 23

What is the idea of universal grammar?

Answer 23

That we are born with some knowledge of grammar universal to all languages

Question 24

Noam Chomsky also established the concept of ______ vs. ______.

Answer 24

Competence

Performance

Question 25

What is Linguistic Competence?

2

Answer 25

Knowledge of language rules

What you know

Question 26

What is Linguistic Performance?

2

Answer 26

Use of language in real situations

How someone uses language

Question 27

What is the linguistic focus of the present day?

Answer 27

Psycholinguistics

Question 28

What do psycholinguists believe?

2

Answer 28

That language is a combination of innate and learned knowledge

However they argue on what proportion each holds

Question 29

Is there a set theory of language in psycholinguistics?

Answer 29

No. There are a lot of theories and there is not currently a “correct answer”

Question 30

Do psycholinguists prefer to focus on competence or performance?

Answer 30

Both!

Question 31

Why do psycholinguists like errors?

Answer 31

Errors can also tell us about how we process language

Question 32

What does TOT stand for?

Answer 32

Tip-of-the-tongue (phenomenon)

Question 33

What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?

2

Answer 33

You know the word but can retrieve it

A momentarily inability to retrieve some information

Question 34

What does a tip-of-the-tongue usually consist of?

Answer 34

A person’s name or an uncommon word

Question 35

Can you TOT on a word you don’t know?

Answer 35

No!

Question 36

TOTs show us that, even if we can’t access and item’s name, we can still access its ______ and______ information!

Answer 36

Phonological

Semantic

Question 37

What is a good indicator of successful retrieval of a TOT?

2

Answer 37

The “Feeling of knowing”

The more sure you are that you know the answer, the more likely you will resolve your TOT

Question 38

What age group has more frequent TOTs?

2

Answer 38

Older adults

This age effect is evident as early as age 30

Question 39

Do bilinguals or monolinguals make more TOTs?

2

Answer 39

Bilinguals BUT only for words

Bilinguals and monolinguals TOT on names at the same rate

Question 40

The process of ______ can also weaken connections and cause TOTs.

Answer 40

Aging

Question 41

When TOTs are due to aging, there is usually poorer recall of _____ nouns but good recall of ______ nouns.

Answer 41

Concrete

Abstract

Question 42

Words contain ______, ______, and ______ information.

Answer 42

Semantic

Lexical

Phonological

Question 43

What is semantic information?

Answer 43

Information about meaning

Question 44

What is lexical information?

Answer 44

Information regarding letters

Question 45

What is phonological information?

Answer 45

Information regarding sound