03 - A Little History & TOTs Flashcards
What was Wilhelm Wundt trained in?
Medicine
What were the two big names in psychology in the 1800s?
Wilhelm Wundt
William James
Wilhelm Wundt was the first person to call himself a ______ and the first person to write ______.
Psychologist
A book on psychology
Wilhelm Wundt studied psychology from the point of ______.
Introspection
What would Wilhelm Wundt do when he brought people into his lab?
He would expose them to a stimulus then ask people to reflect on what they were thinking/feeling
William James was the first ______.
American psychologist
What professions did William James practice?
2
Medicine
Philosophy
Did William James use introspection?
Yes
How was James’ introspection different from Wundt’s?
2
It was more pragmatic
He was more interested in how psychology works in people’s every day life like why do we forget things
Why do we not use introspection anymore?
Due to subjectivity and the rapidity of actual thought
How did Wilhelm Wundt & William James make a big impact?
By showing that psychology could be studied and measured
What and who were the 1920s known for?
2
Behavioralism
B.F. Skinner
What does Behavioralism study?
2
Only things that are able to be to observed and measured
Stimulus goes in, reaction comes out
How did B.F. Skinner see language?
2
As something that must be learned
Verbal behavior
What was B.F. Skinner’s language acquisition book called?
“Verbal Behavior”
How did B.F. Skinner believe that children learned language?
3
When correct language is modeled by caretakers
Stimulus (parent says “cookie”) leads to Response associations (child mimics word and gets cookie)
This is shaped by imitation (Not /tʊkɪ/. Say /kʊkɪ/) and reinforcement (positive or negative)
What is Associative chain theory?
The idea that in language, each proceeding word is stimulated by the preceding word
The -> boy-> saw -> the -> dog ->
Who were the 1950s known for?
Noam Chomsky
What did Noam Chomsky think of Skinner’s theories?
That they were nonsense.
What did Noam Chomsky call his attack on Behavioralism?
The Poverty of the Stimulus
What is the Poverty of the Stimulus?
Chomsky’s belief that we cannot go from no language ability to full language ability by age 4 by only using the linguistic input from our daily lives
There would not be enough information in this input to explain the complexity and originality of the child’s utterances
What was Noam Chomsky’s argument for the Poverty of the Stimulus?
(2)
That there was no way we could be exposed to all possible sentences by that age
That we could create new sentences that had never been created before (a.k.a., Language is creative)
How did Noam Chomsky see the origin of language?
2
That is must be innate
That it has a universal grammar
What is the idea of universal grammar?
That we are born with some knowledge of grammar universal to all languages
Noam Chomsky also established the concept of ______ vs. ______.
Competence
Performance
What is Linguistic Competence?
2
Knowledge of language rules
What you know
What is Linguistic Performance?
2
Use of language in real situations
How someone uses language
What is the linguistic focus of the present day?
Psycholinguistics
What do psycholinguists believe?
2
That language is a combination of innate and learned knowledge
However they argue on what proportion each holds
Is there a set theory of language in psycholinguistics?
No. There are a lot of theories and there is not currently a “correct answer”
Do psycholinguists prefer to focus on competence or performance?
Both!
Why do psycholinguists like errors?
Errors can also tell us about how we process language
What does TOT stand for?
Tip-of-the-tongue (phenomenon)
What is the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon?
2
You know the word but can retrieve it
A momentarily inability to retrieve some information
What does a tip-of-the-tongue usually consist of?
A person’s name or an uncommon word
Can you TOT on a word you don’t know?
No!
TOTs show us that, even if we can’t access and item’s name, we can still access its ______ and______ information!
Phonological
Semantic
What is a good indicator of successful retrieval of a TOT?
2
The “Feeling of knowing”
The more sure you are that you know the answer, the more likely you will resolve your TOT
What age group has more frequent TOTs?
2
Older adults
This age effect is evident as early as age 30
Do bilinguals or monolinguals make more TOTs?
2
Bilinguals BUT only for words
Bilinguals and monolinguals TOT on names at the same rate
The process of ______ can also weaken connections and cause TOTs.
Aging
When TOTs are due to aging, there is usually poorer recall of _____ nouns but good recall of ______ nouns.
Concrete
Abstract
Words contain ______, ______, and ______ information.
Semantic
Lexical
Phonological
What is semantic information?
Information about meaning
What is lexical information?
Information regarding letters
What is phonological information?
Information regarding sound
