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Language Science > 07 - Processing Language > Flashcards

07 - Processing Language Flashcards

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0
Q

How does Psychology believe that language functions?

A

It is dependent on many cognitive processes

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1
Q

How does classic linguistics believe that language functions?

A

Independently of anything else

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2
Q

Who came up with the Information Processing Model? When?

A

Atkinson & Shiffrin

1968

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3
Q

What is the Information Processing Model?

A

You receive Stimuli

This goes into the Sensory Store

This information can be forgotten or transferred into Short-Term/Working Memory

This can be forgotten or transferred into Long-Term Memory (Permanent Memory)

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4
Q

What three systems are required for successful language use?

A

Sensory Store

Short Term Memory/Working Memory

Long Term Memory

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5
Q

What is Sensory Store?

A

Raw and unanalyzed data

Color, tastes, different tones, etc.

It is stored very, very briefly

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6
Q

What is the point of our sensory store?

A

To provide us time for further processing

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7
Q

What is Pattern Recognition?

A

Your brain recognizing familiar sensory information

Recognizing what you see/hear/etc.

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8
Q

When does Pattern Recognition happen?

A

After the Sensory Store

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9
Q

What is Iconic Memory?

A

Visual Sensory Store

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10
Q

What is the capacity of our Iconic Memory?

A

Around 9-12 items

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11
Q

How fast does our Iconic Memory fade?

A

In about 500 ms

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12
Q

What was Sperling interested in?

A

How many letters we can store when we are showed them very quickly

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13
Q

How did Sperling’s experiment work?

A

He showed subjects 12 letters for 50 ms

Asked about whole report

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14
Q

What is a Whole Report?

A

Everything

In Sperling’s experiment, the whole array of letters

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15
Q

What did Sperling use to show his subjects the letters?

A

T-scope (used to project images in a box for viewing)

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16
Q

What did Sperling find?

A

People tend to recall about 4.5 letters (out of 12)

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17
Q

What was Sperling’s second experiment?

A

He asked people about a partial report

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18
Q

What is a Partial Report?

A

Part of the information given

For Sperling, this was asking people to report information from only one row

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19
Q

How did Sperling’s second experiment work?

A

Subjects were shown a full array of letters

They were then given a signal to tell them what to remember

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20
Q

What was the signal in Sperling’s second experiment?

A

A tone + and arrow

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21
Q

What did Sperling find in his second experiment?

A

People reported 3-4 letters in the row

This means they must have recognized at least 9 of the letters

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22
Q

What did Sperling find happened if he waited 500 ms before playing the tone?

A

That recognition when down to 4.5 overall letters (normal)

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23
Q

What did we learn from Sperling’s experiments?

A

That our visual sensory store information fades very quickly

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24
Q

What is Echoic Memory?

A

Auditory memory store

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25
Q

What is the capacity of our Echoic Memory?

A

About 5 items

Has a smaller capacity than Visual

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26
Q

How long does our Echoic Memory last?

A

4-5 seconds

Lasts longer than Visual

This is the “Huh? Oh yeah!” phenomenon

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28
Q

What does STM stand for?

A

Short Term Memory

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29
Q

What is someone’s Short Term Memory Span?

A

The longest sequence a person can recall

Their capacity

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30
Q

How can we expand our STM?

A

By chunking items

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31
Q

What is Chunking?

A

Putting information into meaningful groups of items

The groups must be meaningful!!!

Example:
1-986-177-6704
1986-1776-704 (July 4th)

32
Q

Why is chunking effective?

A

It allows our long term memory to aid our short term memory

33
Q

How long can our short term memory hold information?

A

For about 20-30 seconds

34
Q

What can you do to keep information in your short term memory for longer?

A

Through rehearsal

35
Q

Does rehearsal guarantee that info will be passed to LTM?

A

No

Students who cram right before a test may perform well on the test but usually lose much of the information a day later

36
Q

What are some tasks that can reduce our short term memory capacity?

A

Multi-tasking

Harder tasks

Organizing information

37
Q

What is the difference between short term memory and working memory?

A

Short term memory is just the story of items (It’s passive)

Working memory is process + storage

38
Q

What does Working Memory do?

A

Stores and manipulates active information

Involved in the processing of all active information

39
Q

In what ways is Working Memory limited?

A

The amount of information it can hold

How long it can hold it

How much it can process

40
Q

Why do SLPs often use a Digit Span and a Digit Backward or Reordering Span?

A

It compares your short term memory to your working memory

41
Q

Do people tend to score better on Digit Spans or Digit Backward or Reordering Spans? By how much? What is the exception?

A

Digit Spans by about 2 digits

Kids with ADHD often do better in Digit Backwards/Reordering Spans. It requires more attention and stimulates attention

42
Q

What is Processing Capacity?

A

The limited amount of MENTAL RESOURCES available to someone

43
Q

When WM capacity is exceeded, it can affect language ______ and _______.

A

Production

Comprehension

44
Q

What is the Baddeley Working Memory Model?

A

That the Central Executive coordinates and divides tasks among the two slave systems: the Visuospatial Sketchpad and the Phonological Loop

45
Q

What does the Visuospatial Sketchpad do?

A

Takes in visual and spatial information

46
Q

What does the Phonological Loop do?

A

Takes in verbal information

47
Q

Can you can do tasks at the same time that use different subsystems?

Drawing & Talking -VS- Typing & Talking?

A

Yes

48
Q

Who is a big name in Long Term Memory?

A

Tulving

49
Q

When were Tulving’s big years?

A

1972

1983

50
Q

What are the three big sections to long term memory?

A

Episodic

Semantic

Procedural

51
Q

What is Episodic Memory?

A

Autobiographical or Event Memory

Personally Experienced Events (What you had from breakfast? Your first date? Etc.)

52
Q

What are Flashbulb Memories?

A

Emotional charged, vivid memories

9/11, Death of Princess Diana, etc.

53
Q

Are episodic memories always reliable?

A

No, they often change over time

54
Q

Who studied flashbulb memories? When?

A

Schmolck, Buffalo, & Squire

2000

55
Q

What specifically did Schmolck, Buffalo, & Squire study? What did they find?

A

Studied OJ Simpson trial flashbulb memories

People’s memories change but they remain confident in them

56
Q

How long does it take to develop episodic memories? What do you have to do?

A

One experience

Nothing. You are usually not actively trying to remember the information

57
Q

Episodic memories often contain information about ______, ______, and ______.

A

Time

Place

Emotions that were felt during the experience

58
Q

Are When and Where important to episodic memories?

A

Yes!

59
Q

What is Semantic Memory?

5

A

General world knowledge

Conceptual knowledge

Functional knowledge

Factual knowledge

Language knowledge

60
Q

Is the Where and When important to semantic memory?

A

No!

61
Q

How long does it take for semantic memories to form?

A

Many repeated (episodic) experiences

62
Q

Why is semantic memory critical for our survival in the world?

A

Allows us to recognize new objects and situations

If we can’t recognize something, it makes us uncomfortable

63
Q

What is Procedural Memory?

A

Skill based memory

64
Q

What does procedural memory include?

A

Motor Skills

Muscle memory (Typing, swimming, computer programs, driving, etc.)

65
Q

How is procedural memory learned?

A

Through repetition

Things that were hard to learn are now easier

66
Q

When procedural memory takes over, we go into ______.

A

“Auto-pilot”

67
Q

What is Serial Processing?

A

Processing one thing at a time

68
Q

What is a serial processing approach to reading?

A

Look at the features (lines, curves, circles, etc.)

Look at the letters

Look at the word

Look at the meaning

69
Q

What is Parallel Processing?

A

Processing everything at the same time

We go into the next level of processing before we finish the first

70
Q

What is Modular Processing?

A

Processes operate independently

Syntax is separate from Semantics

Similar to Chomsky’s theories

71
Q

What is Interactive Processing?

A

The idea that processes interact and affect each other

Syntax Semantics

Sentences are understood by looking how the syntax and semantics work and interact together

72
Q

What is Automatic Processing?

A

Done with very little effort

Easy - you just do it

73
Q

What is Controlled Processing?

A

Requires attention & effort

Hard - you work for it

74
Q

Is there a dichotomy between Top-Down & Bottom-Up Processing?

A

No. We do not see them as competing theories. The question is which one is being use when

75
Q

What is Bottom-Up Processing?

A

Starts with information gained from the stimulus (Sounds, visual features, etc.)

76
Q

What is Top-Down Processing?

A

Processing that is influenced by our knowledge

Memories, expectations, etc

Language Science (20 decks)

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