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Language Science > 10 - Speech Perception > Flashcards

10 - Speech Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Articulatory Phonetics?

A

Study of speech sounds through the structures of the mouth

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2
Q

Vowels have ______ air flow.

A

Unobstructed

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3
Q

Consonants have ______ airflow.

A

Obstructed

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4
Q

What is Acoustic Phonetics?

A

The study of the acoustic aspects of speech sounds

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5
Q

What are Acoustic Aspects of sound?

A

The physical properites (freq, duration, intensity, etc.)

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6
Q

Why do we use Spectrograms?

A

To study the acoustics of speech

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7
Q

What is Parallel transmission?

A

That we can perceive the difference in phonemes, but in reality there is no clear break between them

(Phonemes are encoded continuously, at the same time)

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8
Q

What is the Segmentation Problem?

A

It’s acoustically hard to tell where words begin and end yet we have no problem perceiving the words

Other languages may sound fast to our ears but, in our own language, we have no problem understanding words when people are actually speaking extremely quickly

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9
Q

What is the Lack of Invariance Problem?

A

There is no one-to-one correspondence between the acoustic cues and the phonemes perceived

One phoneme may have many different acoustic cues.

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10
Q

What is the psychological definition of a phoneme?

A

A category of sounds that we perceive to be the same sound.

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11
Q

Why is there variation in phoneme production?

A

Coarticulation

Variability between speakers

Variability within speakers

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12
Q

What is Coarticulation?

A

Overlapping articulation of phonemes

How we say a word is affected by what comes before and after it

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13
Q

Why is there variability between speakers?

A

Gender

Pitch

Accent

Speed

Age

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14
Q

Why is there variability within speakers

A

People are sloppy speakers

They often say things slightly differently

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15
Q

What experiment did Pollack & Pickett do in 1964?

A

Cut up actual conversation (continuous speech)

Either played words in context or cut them out of context

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16
Q

Are words in context easy to understand?

A

Yes

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17
Q

Are words cut out of continuous speech easy to understand?

A

No

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18
Q

How do we perceive the difference between two tones? How do we label this?

A

As tones get closer and closer in pitch, we begin to lose our ability to discriminate between them and they begin to sound the same

Perception of non-speech is continuous

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19
Q

What is VOT?

A

Voice Onset Time

Time between the consonant release and the voicing start

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20
Q

Which has a higher VOT: voiced stops or voiceless stops?

A

Voiceless

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21
Q

Is the perception of speech continuous?

A

No

There is not place where voiced and voiceless sounds blend and sound the same

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22
Q

What do we call the place where we all perceive the change from voiced to voiceless?

A

Phonemic Boundary

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23
Q

Our perception of consonants is _______.

A

Categorical

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24
Q

What is Categorical Perception?

A

That we perceive consonants at either one or the other. They never sound the same

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25
Q

Why do vowels not show categorical perception?

A

Vowels occur over a longer timespan

We don’t need to identify them as quickly

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26
Q

What is the Motor Theory of Speech Perception?

A

We use our knowledge of production to understand speech

We can “feel” the movements of someone else’s speech so we know what they are saying

Perception is based on articulatory information, not just the signal

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27
Q

What does the Motor Theory of Speech Perception address?

A

The lack of invariance problem

28
Q

What is the McGurk Effect?

A

If you hear /ba/, but see /ga/, you will perceive /da/

Your perception is compromised between what is being heard and what is being seen

29
Q

What could explain the McGurk Effect?

A

Motor Theory of Speech Perception

Top Down Processing

30
Q

What does successful speech perception depends on?

A

Bottom-up processing of acoustic info

Top-down processing by using context, semantics, and syntactic info

31
Q

What are some Top Down Effects in speech processing?

6

A

Context Effect

Illusions

Phonemic Restoration

Verbal Transformation Effect

Sinewave Speech

Backward Speech

32
Q

What is the Context Effect?

A

Presented sentences in extreme noise

The more “sensical” the sentence was, the better it was able to be heard

“Accidents kill motorists on the highway” / “Accidents carry honey between the house” / “Around accidents country honey the school”

33
Q

Who came up with the Context Effect? When?

A

Miller & Isard

1963

34
Q

What was the Illusions Experiment?

A

Nonsense audio stimulus was presented through a low-pass filter

Participants turned this into something they could understand due to top down processing

“Pooh kluss free soub eatwull size” => “Two plus three should equal five”

35
Q

Who came up with the Illusions Experiment? When

A

Miller

1956

36
Q

What is Phonemic Restoration?

A

People still hear/perceive the missing phoneme ( /s/ ) even when they were told that it was missing

37
Q

Who came up with Phonemic Restoration? When?

A

Warren

1970

38
Q

What stimuli did Warren use in his Phonemic Restoration experiment?

A

“The state governors met with their respective legicoughlatures conveining in their capital city”

"It was found that the *eel..."
"..was on the axle"
Heard "wheel"
"..was on the shoe"
Heard "heel"
"..was on the orange"
Heard "peel"
"..was on the table"
Heard "meal"
39
Q

When do we often experience phonemic restoration in our everyday lives?

A

On the telephone

A lot of /s/ sounds are cut off but our brains fill them in

40
Q

Is phonemic restoration easier when the phoneme is obscured by silence or by noise?

A

Noise

41
Q

What is the Verbal Transformation Effect?

A

When you hear words over and over again, they can start to sound different

Farewell -> Welfare

Ace -> Say

42
Q

What is Sinewave Speech?

A

If we replace speech with tones that match the basic formants, we will hear words in the non-speech signals

43
Q

Who came up with Sinewave Speech?

A

Remez

44
Q

What is Backward Speech?

A

Speech signal is split into various segments then these are reversed individually

As the segments get shorter, it becomes easier to resolve the backward speech

45
Q

What are three common Top-Down Effects experienced in everyday speech?

A

Hearing messages in songs played backwards

Understanding foreign accents

Children mishearing things (What are electrical votes?)

46
Q

What is the Cohort Model?

A

1ST STAGE: you select a wide cohort based on phonetic info (bottom up)

“Jerry saw a d…”

Cohort = deck, deal, dog, etc.

2ND STAGE: you narrow the cohort based on more info and other variables (e.g., frequency of occurances)

“JErry saw a do….”

Cohort = dog, dock, doll, etc.

3RD STAGE: You fit the item into the context

“Jerry saw a dog barking in the park”

No better options

47
Q

Who came up with the Cohort Model? When?

A

Maslen-Wilson

1987, 1990

48
Q

What do we call the point where the word becomes unique?

A

Recognition point

Chrysan -> chrysanthemum
Eleph -> elephant

49
Q

Do you need to hear the whole word for it to be recognizable

A

No

50
Q

How fast does the Cohort Model occur?

A

Extremely quickly. We are not aware that it is happening

51
Q

What online resource works like the Cohort Model?

A

Google search

52
Q

What is the TRACE Model?

A

A connectionist model of speech perception

Words are represented across different levels: words, phonemes, features

These levels interact with each other

You hear a sound then you sort through the features -> the phonemes -> find the word

Bottom-up with some top-down added in

53
Q

Who came up with the TRACE Model?

A

McClelland & Elman

1986

54
Q

What is the TRACE Model also called?

A

Parallel Distributed Processing Model (PDP)

55
Q

What has trouble with speech perception? Why?

A

Computers also have problems with accents and speech errors

Lack of invariance problem causes trouble for computer

56
Q

What do prosodic factors affect?

A

The overall utterance meaning

57
Q

What are prosodic factors also called?

A

Suprasegmentals

58
Q

What are prosodic factors?

A

Stress

Intonation

Tone

Rate or Length

Pausing

59
Q

What is Stress?

A

The emphasis given to syllables and words (longer, louder, higher in Pitch

Can distinguish words (reJECT vs. REject; PRESent vs. preSENT)

60
Q

Can words be hard to understand if we put the stress on the wrong syllable?

A

Yes

61
Q

What is Intonation?

A

The use of pitch over phrases (Got the keys? vs. Got the keys!)

Usually raised for yes/no questions but falling for Wh- questions

Misunderstands in emails often occur due to the lack of intonation and texting is even worse than email

62
Q

What is Tone?

A

Use of pitch over words

Not as prominent in English but found in tonal languages, such as Chinese

63
Q

What is Rate or Length in Speech?

A

Speed of speech

Can change meaning of word itself in some language (Spanish = pero (but) vs. perro (dog))

Can alter meaning somewhat in English (excellent vs. eeexceleeent)

64
Q

What is Pausing?

A

“coffee cake and honey” vs. “coffee, cake, and honey”

“106” vs. “100 and 6”

65
Q

Why does artificial speech and “cut-up speech” sound strange?

A

It often lacks proper prosody

Phone numbers, auto reminder calls, voice menus

66
Q

What are 3 Theories of Speech Perception?

A

Motor Theory of Speech Perception

Cohort Model

TRACE Model

Language Science (20 decks)

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