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Language Science > 04 - Language Knowledge Systems > Flashcards

04 - Language Knowledge Systems Flashcards

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0
Q

What are Semantics?

A

The meaning

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1
Q

What are Pragmatics?

A

The context

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2
Q

What is Syntax?

2

A

Legal word orderings

Structure of phrases and sentences

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3
Q

What is Morphology?

2

A

Words and affixes

Knowledge of meaningful units

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4
Q

What is Phonology?

2

A

Sounds

Knowledge of the fundamental sound units and legal combinations

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5
Q

Linguistic knowledge is mostly ______ (or ______) knowledge.

A

Tacit

Implicit

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6
Q

We learn language best when we are able to learn it ______.

A

Implicitly

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7
Q

What are legal combinations?

A

Allowed letter combinations

Stape vs. Sbape; Skib vs. Sgib

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8
Q

Can Morphemes be further analyzed?

A

No

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9
Q

What are Legal Combos vs. Illegal Combos? (Morphemes)

A

Morpheme combinations that are allowed or not allowed

happy/unhappy, sad/unsad, brave/unbrave

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10
Q

What are the two categories of Parts of Speech?

A

Open Class

Closed-Class

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11
Q

What are Open Class Words?

3

A

Nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

Words that carry meaning

Are continually changing

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12
Q

What is another name for Open Class Words?

A

Content Words

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13
Q

What are Closed-Class Words?

3

A

Prepositions, conjunctions, articles, pronouns

They support content words

Don’t really ever change (The last time may have been when the word “thou” was dropped from English)

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14
Q

What is another name for Closed-Class Words?

A

Function Words

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15
Q

Do brain injuries affect our ability to use these two classes of words equally? What does this tell us?

A

No. Different classes of words can be effected differently due to different types of brain injuries

This suggests that they are encoded in different parts of our brains

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16
Q

It is easier to read ______ sentences because they follow your ______ knowledge.

A

Grammatically correct

Implicit syntactic

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17
Q

Can we instantly recognize a “good” or “bad” sentence?

A

Yes!

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18
Q

What was Noam Chomsky’s big sentence? When was it created? what was he trying to illustrate?

A

“Colorless green ideas sleep furiously”

1957

That syntax and semantics can be seperated

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19
Q

Can Syntax can be studied without looking at meaning?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Chomsky believed that an infinite number of sentences can be generated from ______.

A

A small set of simple rules

21
Q

What is Phrase Structure?

A

Breaking sentences down into their constituents

E.g., diagraming sentences

22
Q

The phrase structure rules tell us how judge sentences as ______.

A

Grammatical

23
Q

“Computers are nocturnal twigs.”

This sentence is ______ but ______.

A

Nonsensical

Grammatical

24
Q

What is Surface Structure?

A

Surface arrangement of sentence parts

25
Q

What is Deep Structure?

A

The underlying structure that conveys meaning

26
Q

“Katie flew the kite.”

“The kite was flown by Katie.”

This sentences are examples of different _______.

A

Surface Structure

27
Q

“Kids make nutritious snacks.” This sentence could be interpreted as the kids are cooking or the kids are being eaten.

This is an example of differences in ______.

A

Deep Structure

28
Q

What is the Transformational Rule?

A

That surface structure can be transformed to convey the same deep meaning

29
Q

What are Transformations?

A

Rules for moving, deleting, or adding elements in order to modify surface structure

30
Q

What is a Kernel Sentence?

A

A bare bones sentence

John is eating the apple.

31
Q

What is a Passive Transformation?

A

Turning an kernel sentence into a passive one

The apple is being eaten by John

32
Q

What is a Question Transformation?

A

Turning a kernel sentence into a question

Is John eating the apple?

33
Q

What is a Negative Transformation?

A

Turning a kernel sentence into a negative sentence

John is not eating the apple.

34
Q

Can different transformations be added to the same sentence? How?

A

Yes.

A Passive -Negative Transformation would be “The apple is not being eaten by John”

35
Q

Chomsky said that language may share commonalities in _______ which are obscured by ______. This refers back to his concept of ______.

A

Deep structures

Surface structure

Universal grammar

36
Q

What is the Derivational Theory of Complexity?

2

A

When you are speaking, you go from deep structure to surface structure

When you are listening, you go from surface structure to deep structure

37
Q

Who came up with the Derivational Theory of Complexity? When?

A

Chomsky & Miller

1963

38
Q

According to the Derivational Theory of Complexity:

When we speak, we start with the ______, apply some type of ______, then arrive at a _______.

A

Deep structure

Transformation

Surface structure

39
Q

According to the Derivational Theory of Complexity:

When we listen, we start with the ______, apply some type of ______, then arrive at a _______.

A

Surface structure

Un-transformation

Deep structure

40
Q

Sentences with more transformations should be _______.

A

Harder for people to process

41
Q

What idea did Miller & McKean seek to test? When did they do this?

A

That sentences with more transformations should be harder for people to process

1964

42
Q

What did Miller & McKean do?

A

Gave kernel sentences was to subjects and timed how long it took the subjects to transform these.

43
Q

What did Miller & McKean find?

A

People were slower when there were more transformations

44
Q

What did Slobin research? When?

A

Comprehension of active vs. passive sentences

1966

45
Q

How did Slobin’s experiment work?

2

A

Participants had a picture comparison task. Did pictures match the sentence?

Some sentences were active; others were passive

46
Q

What did Slobin learn?

A

That people verified the active sentences faster than the passive but only when the sentences were reversible

47
Q

What is a Reversible Sentence?

A

One where the subject and object can be easily switched.

The robot chased the ghost.
The ghost chased the robot.

48
Q

What is an Irreversible Sentence?

A

One where the subject and object cannot be switched

The robot watered the flowers
The flowers watered the robot

49
Q

Chomsky believed that ______ and______ could be separated.

This may be true for _______ but not in the study of ______.

A

Syntax

Semantics

Linguistic analysis

Language processing

Language Science (20 decks)

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