11.7-11.17: Infancy & Childhood

Question 1

Changes in the ability to coordinate and perform bodily movements

Answer 1

Motor development

Question 2

Changes in all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Answer 2

Cognitive development

Question 3

Concepts or mental models that represent our experiences

Answer 3

Schemas

Question 4

In Piaget’s theory, the process of using an existing schema to interpret a new experience

Answer 4

Assimilation

Question 5

In Piaget’s theory, the process of revising existing schemas to incorporate information from a new experience

Answer 5

Accommodation

Question 6

The awareness that objects continue to exist even when they are temporarily out of sight

Answer 6

Object permanence

Question 7

A process of using others’ facial expressions for information about how to react in a situation

Answer 7

Social referencing

Question 8

The strong, enduring, emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver

Answer 8

Attachment

Question 9

A mechanism for establishing attachment early in life that operates according to a relatively simple rule of attaching to the first moving object an organism sees

Answer 9

Imprinting

Question 10

A person’s characteristic patterns of emotion and behavior that are evident from an early age and argued to be genetically determined

Answer 10

Temperament

Question 11

The period of life spanning the end of infancy (about age 2) and the start of adolescence

Answer 11

Childhood

Question 12

The use of words, sounds, gestures, visual images, or objects to stand for other thingsq

Answer 12

Symbolic representation

Question 13

In childhood, the manipulation of schemas

Answer 13

Operations

Question 14

The idea that the physical properties of an object, such as mass, volume, and number, remain constant despite superficial changes in the object’s shape or form

Answer 14

Conservation

Question 15

In Piaget’s theory, the period of development from age 7 to 12, during which the child becomes capable of transforming and interrelating schemas to solve complex problems, but is able to apply this thinking only to concrete objects or events

Answer 15

Concrete operational period

Question 16

In Piaget’s theory, the difficulty that preoperational children have with thinking about how objects or situations are perceived by other people

Answer 16

Egocentrism

Question 17

The understanding that we and other people have minds, that these minds represent the world in different ways, and that these representations can explain and predict how others will behave

Answer 17

Theory of mind

Question 18

Lev Vygotsky’s proposal that the child’s mind grows through social interaction with knowledgeable others

Answer 18

Sociocultural view of development

Question 19

A process of promoting cognitive development by actively challenging and supporting children as they attempt things that are beyond their current capabilities

Answer 19

Scaffolding