1.1 neuro - neurohistology Flashcards

1
Q

How are neurons classified?

A

By their structure and function, including types such as pseudo-unipolar, bipolar, and multipolar.

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2
Q

What are the important characteristics of neurons?

A

Excitable (generate and propogate action potentials), postmitotic (do not divide), and highly variable.

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3
Q

What are the parts of a neuron that should be sketched and labeled?

A

Cell body (soma), nucleus, dendrites, axon, myeline sheath

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4
Q

What is the function of an axon?

A

To send information and carry nerve impulses to other neurons, muscle fibers, or glands.

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5
Q

What is the function of a dendrite?

A

Cellular extensions that receive information.

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons in vertebrates?

A
  • Pseudo-unipolar (1 process exits the soma and splits into a central -to CNS- and peripheral -to environment- process)
  • Bipolar (1 axon and 1 dendrite)
  • Multipolar (1 axon, many dendrites)
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7
Q

What are the components of a synapse?

A
  • Presynaptic neuron
  • Synaptic vesicles
  • Presynaptic membrane
  • Neurotransmitters
  • Synaptic cleft
  • Postsynaptic membrane
  • Receptors
  • Postsynaptic neuron
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8
Q

What is the primary function of neuroglia?

A

Support, nourish, and protect neurons. Form the blood-brain barrier

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9
Q

What is the difference between neurons and neuroglia?

A

Neurons are excitable and postmitotic, while neuroglia outnumber neurons, do not propagate impulses, and can divide.

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10
Q

What are the types of glia found in the central nervous system?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells
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11
Q

What are the types of glia found in the peripheral nervous system?

A
  • Schwann cells
  • Satellite cells
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12
Q

What cells are responsible for myelination in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes.

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13
Q

What cells are responsible for myelination in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells.

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14
Q

Which cell type lines the ventricles?

A

Ependymal cells.

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15
Q

Which cells migrate into the CNS and are not derived from the neural crest or neural tube?

A

Microglia.

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16
Q

What cell types form the blood-brain barrier?

A
  • Astrocytes
  • Endothelial cells of capillaries
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17
Q

What is the main component of gray matter?

A

Neurons and their proximal dendrites.

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18
Q

What is the main component of white matter?

A

Myelinated axons.

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19
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

To maintain the blood-brain barrier and support neuronal function.

20
Q

True or False: Microglia originate from the neural tube.

A

False.

21
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ consists of tight junctions between the endothelial cells of brain capillaries and the foot processes of astrocytes

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

22
Q

What are Nissl bodies responsible for?

A

High levels of protein synthesis.

23
Q

What is the role of ependymal cells?

A
  • Line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord
  • Form the choroid plexus
  • Form the cerebrospinal fluid barrier
24
Q

How do oligodendrocytes contribute to white matter?

A

By myelinating multiple axons.

25
Q

What substances cross the blood-brain barrier freely?

A

Lipid-soluble substances
- Oxygen
- Carbon dioxide
- Alcohol
- Most anesthetic agents

26
Q

What substances cross the blood-brain barrier very slowly?

A

Water-soluble substances
- glucose
- creatine
- urea
- most ions

27
Q

What is the difference between myelinated and unmyelinated axons?

A

Myelinated axons are covered by a myelin sheath (multilayered lipid and protein covering), while unmyelinated axons are not.

28
Q

What two types of cells comprise nervous tissue?

A

Neurons and neuroglia

29
Q

What is the purpose of the cell body of a neuron?

A

Contains nucleus and other organelles

30
Q

What are nissl bodies

A

Large stacks of rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons

31
Q

What do axon terminals do?

A

Participate in synapses of neurons

32
Q

What is a synpase?

A

Site of communication between two neurons

33
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

Neuron carrying an impulse toward a synapse (axon)

34
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

Neuron carrying an impulse away from the synapse (dendrite)

35
Q

What is a synapse between a neuron and a muscle fiber?

A

Neuromuscular junction

36
Q

Presynaptic membrane

A

Site of neurotransmitter release

37
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Small space between teh pre and post synaptic sites, contains enzymes that break down neurotransmitters

38
Q

Postsynaptic membrane

A

Site of neurotransmitter reception

39
Q

Where are neurotransmitters located in synapses

A

In synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic neuron

40
Q

Do glia generate or propogate impulses? Do glia divide?

A

No; Yes

41
Q

What is the function of the blood-brain barrier

A

Protect brain cells from harmful substances and pathogens

42
Q

What types of substances can not cross the BBB?

A

Proteins and most antibiotic drugs

43
Q

What cells surround the bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia?

A

Satellite cells

44
Q

Function of microglia?

A

Resident macrophages; Remove cellular debris, microbes, and damaged nervous tissue

45
Q

What do schwann cells do?

A

Myelinate cells of the PNS

46
Q

What do satellite cells do?

A

Surround the bodies of neurons of PNS ganglia