11: Amino Acid Metabolism

Question 1

What are the 3 main ways the body acquires amino acids?

Answer 1

dietary proteins, protein breakdown in body, and transamination

Question 2

What molecules in brought in by every amino acid?

Answer 2

NH4+

Question 3

What are some other compounds that amino acids contribute a N to?

Answer 3

GABA (neurotransmitter), norepinephrine/epinephrine, pyrimidines, purines

Question 4

In nonessential amino acid reactions, ___ arrows are double-sided

Answer 4

some

Question 5

What enzymes play a major role in amino acid reactions?

Answer 5

ATases

Question 6

When does amino acid degradation occur more often?

Answer 6

when an AA is in abundance or when the animal is in negative nitrogen balance

Question 7

What vitamin is usually required by ATases?

Answer 7

pyridoxal phosphate (Vit B6)

Question 8

What is the results of ATase reactions?

Answer 8

a new AA and a new alpha keto acid

Question 9

ALT

Answer 9

alanine amino transferase

Question 10

Where is ALT predominantly found?

Answer 10

liver

Question 11

AST

Answer 11

aspartate aminotransferase

Question 12

Where is AST predominantly found?

Answer 12

liver, heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, brain, RBCs

Question 13

What does ALT convert?

Answer 13

alanine to glutamine

Question 14

What molecule is the result of serine degradation?

Answer 14

3-phosphoglycerate

Question 15

Why is synthesis and degradation of serine not reverse reactions?

Answer 15

different enzymes are used

Question 16

In essential amino acid reactions, ___ arrows are double-sided

Answer 16

few

Question 17

What 2 enzymes are commonly shared by branched chain AA metabolism?

Answer 17

aminotransferase and keto acid dehydrogenase

Question 18

Maple syrup urine disease

Answer 18

aminals have a deficiency in branched chain keto acid dehydrogenase and excrete urine that smells like maple syrup due to the excess branched chain keto acids

Question 19

What does a deficiency in PAH (phenylalanine hydroxylase) cause?

Answer 19

PKU (phenylketonuria)

Question 20

PKU tratment

Answer 20

special diet (low phenylalanine)

Question 21

What AA are cats deficient in?

Answer 21

taurine

Question 22

What are some outcomes of tryptophan metabolism?

Answer 22

NAD synthesis, acetyl CoA synthesis, or excretion

Question 23

What AA is the precursor for epinephrine?

Answer 23

tyrosine

Question 24

TLI

Answer 24

trypsin like immunoreactivity; the inadequate secretion of pancreatic enzymes which is a sign of maldigestion

Question 25

EPI

Answer 25

exocrine pancreatic insufficiency; destruction of pancreatic acinar cells that function in synthesis, storage, and secretion of digestive enzymes

Question 26

EPI treatment

Answer 26

enzyme supplements

Question 27

What enzymes does pancreazyme powder include?

Answer 27

lipase, protease, amylase

Question 28

Lipases

Answer 28

break down fatty acids

Question 29

Proteases and peptidases

Answer 29

break down proteins into small peptides and AAs