Schedules / Reinforcement Quiz Flashcards
A _____ of reinforcement is the _____ requirement that must be met in order to obtain reinforcement
schedule; response
On a _____ reinforcement schedule (abbreviated _____), each response is reinforced, whereas on an _____ reinforcement schedule, only some responses are reinforced. The latter is also called a)n) _____ reinforcement schedule
continuous; CRF; intermittent; partial
Each time you flick the light switch, the light comes on. The behavior of flicking the light switch is a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement
continuous
When the weather is very cold, you are sometimes unable to start your car. The behavior of starting your car in very cold weather is a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement
intermittent (partial)
_____ are the different effects on behavior produced by different response requirements. These are the stable patterns of behavior that emerge once the organism has had sufficient exposure to the schedule. Such stable patterns are know as _____ behaviors
schedule effects; steady-state
On a(n) _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon a fixed number of responses
fixed ratio
A schedule in which 15 responses are required for each reinforcer is abbreviated _____
FR 15
A mother finds that she always has to make the same request three times before her child complies. The mother’s behavior of making requests is on an _____ schedule of reinforcement
FR 3
An FR 1 schedule of reinforcement can also be called a _____ schedule
continuous (CRF)
A fixed ratio schedule tends to produce a _____ rate of response, along with a _____
high; post-reinforcement pause
A FR 200 schedule of reinforcement will result in a _____ pause than an FR 50 schedule
longer
The typical FR pattern is sometimes called a _____ pattern, with a _____ pause that is followed immediately by a _____ rate of response
break-and-run; post-reinforcement pause; high
A FR 12 schedule of reinforcement is _____ than a FR 75 schedule
denser
A very dense schedule of reinforcement can also be referred to as a very _____ schedule
rich
Over a period of months, Aaron changed from complying with each of his mother’s requests to complying with every other request, then with every third request, and so on. The mother’s behavior of making requests has been subjected to a procedure known as__
stretching the ratio
On a variable ratio schedule, reinforcement is contingent up a _____ of responses
varying, unpredictable number
A variable ratio schedule typically produces a _____ rate of behavior _____ a postreinforcement pause
high; without
An average of 1 in 10 people approached by a panhandler actually gives him money. His behavior of panhandling is on a _____ schedule or reinforcement
VR 10
As with a FR schedule, an extremely lean VR schedule can result in _____
ratio strain
On a fixed interval schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon the _____ response following a _____ period of _____
first; fixed, predictable; time
Responding on an FI schedule is often characterized by a _____ pattern of responding consisting of a _____ followed by a gradually _____ rate of behavior as the interval draws to a close
scalloped; post-reinforcement pause; increasing
On a pure FI schedule, any response that occurs _____ the interval is irrelevant
during
On a variable interval schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon the _____ response following a _____ period of _____
first; varying, unpredictable; time
You find that by frequently switching station on you radio, you are able to hear your favorite song an average of once every 20 minutes. Your behavior of switching stations is thus being reinforced on a _____ schedule
VI 20-min
In general, variable interval schedules produce a _____ and _____ rate of response with little or no _____
moderate; steady; post-reinforcement pause
In general, _____ tend to produce a high rate of response. This is because the reinforcer in such schedules is entirely _____ contingent, meaning that the rapidity with which responses are emitted _____ greatly affect how soon the reinforcer is obtained
ratio schedules; response; does
On _____ schedules, the reinforcer is largely time contingent, meaning that the rapidity with which responses are emitted has _____ effect on how quickly the reinforcer is obtained
interval; little
In general, _____ schedules produce little or no postreinforcement pausing because such schedules often provide the possibility of relatively _____ reinforcement, even if one has just obtained a reinforcer
variable; immediate
In general, _____ schedules produces postreinforcement pauses because obtaining one reinforcer means that the next reinforcer is necessarily quite _____
fixed; distant
On a _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon responding continuously for a varying period of time; on an _____ schedule, reinforcement is contingent upon the first response after a fixed period of time
variable duration; fixed interval
As Tessa sits quietly, her mother occasionally givers her a hug as a reward. This is an example of a _____ schedule
variable duration
In practicing the slow-motion form of exercise known as tai chi, Tung noticed the more slowly he moved, the more thoroughly his muscles relaxed. This is an example of _____ reinforcement of _____ behavior (abbreviated _____)
differential; low rates of; DRL
On a video game, the faster you destroy all the targets, the more bonus points you obtain. This is an example of _____ reinforcement of _____ behavior (abbreviated _____)
differential; high rates of; DRH
Frank discovers that his golf shots are much more accurate when he swings the club with a nice, even rhythm that is neither too fast nor too slow. This is an example of _____ reinforcement of _____ behavior (abbreviated _____)
differential; paced; DRP
On a _____ schedule of reinforcement, a response is not required to obtain a reinforcer. Such a schedule is also called a response _____ schedule of reinforcement
noncontingent; independent
Every morning at 7:00 a.m. a robin perches outside Marilyn’s bedroom window and begins singing. Given that Marilyn very much enjoys the robin’s song, this is an example of a _____ 24-hour schedule of reinforcement (abbreviated _____)
fixed time; FT 24-hour
For farmers, rainfall is an example of a noncontingent reinforcer that is typically delivered on a _____ schedule (abbreviated _____)
variable time; VT
When noncontingent reinforcement happens to follow a particular behavior, that behavior may _____ in strength. Such behavior is referred to as _____ behavior
increase; superstitious
Herrnstein (1966) noted that superstitious behaviors can sometimes develop as a by-product of _____ reinforcement for some other behavior
contingent
As shown by the kinds of situations in which superstitious behaviors develop in humans, such behaviors seem most likely to develop on a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement
VT
During the time that a rat is responding to a VR 100 schedule, we begin delivering additional food on a VT 60-second schedule. AS a result, the rate of response on the VR schedule is like to _____
decrease
A child who is often hugged during the course of the day, regardless of what he is doing, is in humanistic terms receiving unconditional positive regard. In behavioral terms, he is receiving a form of _____ social reinforcement.
contingent
As a result, this child may be _____ likely to act out in order to receive attention
less
A complex schedule is one that consists of _____
two or more simple schedules
In a(n) _____ schedule, the response requirement changes as a funtion of the organism’s performance while responding for the previous reinforcer,
adjusting
while in a(n) _____ schedule, the requirements of two or more simple schedules must be met before the reinforcer is delivered
conjunctive
To the extent that a gymnast is trying to improve his performance, he is likely on a(n) _____ schedule of reinforcement; to the extent that his performance is judged according to both the form and quickness of his moves, he is on a(n) _____ schedule
adjusting; conjunctive
A chained schedule consists of a sequence of two or more simple schedules, each of which has its own _____ and the last of which results in a _____
discriminative stimulus; terminal reinforcer
Within a chain, completion of each of the early links ends in a(n) _____ reinforcer, which also functions as the _____ for the next link of the chain
secondary; discriminative stimulus
Responding tends to be weaker in the _____ links of a chain. This is an example of the _____ effect in which the strength and/or efficiency of responding _____ as the organism approaches the goal
earlier; goal gradient; increases
An efficient way to train a complex chain, especially in animals, is through _____ chaining, in which the _____ link of the chain is trained first.
backward; last
However, this type of procedure usually is not required with verbally proficient humans, with whom behavior chains can be quickly established through _____
instructions
One suggestion for enhancing our behavior in the early part of a long response chain is to make the completion of each link more _____, thereby enhancing its value as a _____ reinforcer
salient; secondary
According to drive reduction theory, an event is reinforcing if it is associated with a reduction in some type of _____ drive
physiological
According to this theory (drive reduction), a _____ reinforcer is one that has been associated with a _____ reinforcer
secondary; primary
A major problem with drive reduction theory is that _____
some behaviors do not seem to be related to a physiological drive
The motivation that is derived from some property of the reinforcer is called _____ motivation
incentive
The Premack principle holds that reinforcers can often be viewed as _____ rather than stimuli. For example, rather than saying that the rat’s lever pressing was reinforced with food, we could say that it was reinforced with _____ food
behaviors; eating
The Premack principle states that a _____ behavior can be used as a reinforcer for a _____ behavior
high probability; low probability
According to the Premack principle, if you crack your knuckles 3 times per hour and burp 20 times per hour, the opportunity to _____ can probably be used as a reinforcer for _____
burp; cracking your knuckles
If you drink five soda pops each day and only one glass of orange juice, then the opportunity to drink _____ can probably be used as a reinforcer for drinking _____
soda; orange juice
If “Chew bubble gum –> Play video games” is a diagram of a reinforcement procedure based on the Premack principle, then chewing bubble gum must be a _____ probability behavior than playing video games
lower
What is grandmas rule, and how does it relate to the Premack principle?
First you work (LPB), then you play (HPB)
According to the response deprivation hypothesis, a response can serve as a reinforcer if free access to the response is _____ and its frequency then falls _____ its baseline level of occurrence
restricted; below
If a child normally watches 4 hours of television per night, we can make television watching a reinforcer if we restrict free access to the television to _____ than 4 hours per night
less
The response deprivation hypothesis differs from the Premack principle in that we need only know the baseline frequency of the _____ behavior
reinforcing
Kaily typically watches television for 4 hours per day and reads comic books for 1 hour per day. You then set up a contingency whereby Kaily must watch 4.5 hours of television each day in order to have access to her comic books.
Continue on next slide
According to the Premack principle, this will likely be an _____ contingency. According to the response deprivation hypothesis, this would be an _____ contingency
ineffective; effective
According to the behavioral _____ approach, an organism that _____ engage in alternative activities will distribute its behavior in such a way as to _____ the available reinforcement
bliss point; can freely; optimize
Contingencies of reinforcement often _____ the distribution of behavior such that it is _____ to obtain the optimal amount of reinforcement
disrupt; impossible
