1: Skeleton

Question 1

What are the 5 primary functions?

Answer 1

1. Support: Provides structural support. Framework for the soft tissues
2. Storage of minerals or lipids: Calcium salts maintains other minerals within the body. Also stores triglycerides.
3. Blood Cell production: produced in the red marrow of bone cavities.
4. Protection: Protects the soft tissues and organs
5. Leverage: Can change the direction of forces generated by skeletal muscles.

Question 2

How many bones in the body?

Answer 2

206

Question 3

2 bone categorisations?

Answer 3

Axial and Appendicular

Question 4

How many axial?

Answer 4

80

Question 5

How many appendicular?

Answer 5

126

Question 6

What is axial?

Answer 6

Down the body’s axis (longitudinal) - protection of vital organs and the spine

Question 7

What is appendicular?

Answer 7

Movement - supports the appendages

Question 8

What are the 6 bone shapes?

Answer 8

1. Long
2. Flat
3. Structural
4. Irregular
5. Sesamoid
6. Short

Question 9

Describe long bones?

Answer 9

Longer than they are wide. Generally in the limbs.

Question 10

Describe flat bone?

Answer 10

Thin roughly parallel surfaces.
Provide protection.
E.g. Roof of the skull.

Question 11

Describe structural bones?

Answer 11

Small, flat, irregular. Between the flat bones of the skull.

Question 12

Describe irregular bones?

Answer 12

Complex shapes - notched or ridged surfaces.

E.g. the spinal vertebrate

Question 13

Describe short bones?

Answer 13

Small and boxy.

Carpal bones in the wrists and tarsal bones in the ankles.

Question 14

Describe sesamoid bones?

Answer 14

Develop inside tendons near the joints of the knees or feet.

E.g. the Patellae

Question 15

What are the two stages of bone formation in featal development?

Answer 15

Intermembranous and endocondrial

Question 16

What is intermembranous?

Answer 16

Creation of rudimentary bone.
Occurs after 6 weeks. Cartilage transforms into bone within the membrane.
Occurs in deeper layers of the dermis

Question 17

What is endocondrial ossification?

Answer 17

When the ends of the bone grow due to growth plates.
Begins as hyaline cartlidge.
1. Hyline cartlidge enlarges and calcifies to form bone
2. Blood vessels grow around the edges of the cartlidge. Cells convert to osteoblasts to create a superficial bone layer.
3. Blood vessels penetrate the cartlidge and invade the central region. Bone formation spreads towards the end.
4. Remodelling occurs creating a cavity. Cartlidge near epiphysis replaced by shafts of bone. one lengthens.
5. Capillaries and osteoblasts migrate creating secondary ossification centres
6. These centres are filled with spongy bone.

Question 18

What are the three planes of movement?

Answer 18

1. Sagital Plane
2. Frontal Plane
3. Transverse Plane

Question 19

What is the sagittal plane?

Answer 19

Vertical plane running from front to back.

E.g. Running in a straight line

Question 20

What is the frontal plane?

Answer 20

Vertical plant running from left to right

E.g. Standing shoulder press

Question 21

What is the traverse plane?

Answer 21

Horizontal plane.

Any kind of rotation, pronation and supination

Question 22

Sutural Bones ?

Answer 22

Bones within the skull

Question 23

How many bones in the skull?

Answer 23

28

Question 24

How many bones in the torso?

Answer 24

52

Question 25

How many bones in the upper extremities?

Answer 25

64

Question 26

How many bones in the lower extremities?

Answer 26

62