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BDS2 Oral Biology - Histology > (1) Anatomy and Histology of the Periodontium - Alveolar bone > Flashcards

(1) Anatomy and Histology of the Periodontium - Alveolar bone Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the alveolar bone?

A

The part of the jaw that supports and protects the teeth.

forms the tooth socket

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2
Q

Is bone calcified?

A

YES

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3
Q

What is the composition of bone?

A

Bone is composed of 60% inorganic component,

25% organic component and

15% water by weight.

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4
Q

What is the main inorganic component of bone?

A

Calcium hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2

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5
Q

What is the main organic component of bone?

A

Collagen (mainly type I) forms 90% of the extracellular matrix

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6
Q

What is the most abundant type of collagen found in bone?

A

type I

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7
Q

What form does Calcium hydroxyapatite adopt in bone?

A

needle-like crystallites or thin plates.

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8
Q

What forms 90% of the ECM of bone?

A

collagen type I

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9
Q

What are other organic component of bone other than collagen?

A

serum proteins, acidic glycoproteins and small proteoglycans.

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10
Q

What substance is thought to be involved in mineralisation?

A

Osteonectin can bind to calcium and thus is thought to be involved in mineralisation.

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11
Q

What are examples of glycoproteins found in bone organic matrix?

A

osteonectin, osteopontin, thrombospondin,
osteocalcin and fibronectin are also present.

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12
Q

What is the role of proteoglycans in bone organic matrix?

A

Proteoglycans may regulate collagen fibril diameters and may
have a role in mineralisation.

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13
Q

What are examples of proteoglycans found in the bone organic matrix?

A

chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycans

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14
Q

What is the main form of chondroitin sulphate and heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycans (proteoglycans) in the bone organic matrix?

A

decorin and biglycan

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15
Q

Osteocalcin is only synthesised by what (organic matrix)?

A

osteoblasts and odontoblasts.

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16
Q

What is the role of locked in cytokines and growth factors in bone?

A

Exogenous proteins that circulate the blood and become locked in bone such as cytokines and growth factors have an important role in the life cycle of bone cells.

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17
Q

What does BMP stand for?

A

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)s

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18
Q

How many proteins are in the BMP family?

A

16

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19
Q

What family are BMPs a part of?

A

They are part of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) family.

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20
Q

What is the role of BMPs?

A

BMP(s) induce bone formation by influencing the movement, cell
division, and differentiation of stem and osteoproginator cells.

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21
Q

Name the 5 bone cells

A

osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
bone lining cells
osteoprogenitor cells

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22
Q

What is the role of an osteoblast?

A

Osteoblasts secrete the organic extracellular matrix of new bone Osteoid which rapidly undergoes mineralisation to form bone.

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23
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A

Osteoblasts become trapped in bone in lacunae as osteocytes.

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24
Q

What is an osteoclast?

A

Osteoclasts are multinuclear cells involved in bone remodelling.

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25
Q

What are bone lining cells?

A

flat cells line bone during periods of inactivity.

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26
Q

What are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

Stem cells beneath the osteoblast layer.

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27
Q

What are the 2 main forms of bone?

A

woven bone

lamellar bone

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28
Q

Describe the woven form of bone

A

immature bone, with random organisation of its collagen.

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29
Q

Describe the lamellar bone?

A

Lamellar bone is composed of successive layers (lamellae). It may be formed as a solid mass (compact bone), or in an open sponge-like manner (cancellous bone).

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30
Q

What are the 2 types of lamellar bone?

A

compact

cencellous

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31
Q

What type of bone is shown?

A

compact bone

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32
Q

What is the structure of compact bone?

A

Compact bone is made of parallel bone columns which are disposed parallel to the long axis of long bones (in line of stress exerted on the bone).

33
Q

What is a bone layer called?

A

lamellae

34
Q

What is the structure of bone column in compact bone?

A

Columns are made of concentric bony layers (lamellae) arranged around a central channel with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves (Haversian canals).

35
Q

Name structures A-C

A

Columns are made of concentric bony layers (lamellae) arranged around a central channel with blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves (Haversian canals).

36
Q

What do haversian canals with their lamalla form?

A

haversian systems (osteon).

37
Q

What are Volkmann’s canals?

A

channels that assist with blood and nerve supply from the periosteum to the Haversian canal

38
Q

How do neurovascular bundles interact with one another?

A

Volkmann’s canals

that pierce the columns at right angle or obliquely to haversian canals.

39
Q

What do osteocytes in their lacunae interact with?

A

Osteocytes in their lacunae interact with each other and with the central canal via cytoplasmic extensions in canals called canaliculi.

40
Q

How do osteocytes interact with the central channel?

A

cytoplasmic extensions in canals called canaliculi.

41
Q

What is the outermost layer of compact bone called?

A

dense cortical bone.

42
Q

What does compact bone act as? What is the role of compact bone?

A

weight bearing pillars

Compact bone is able to withstand high levels of mechanical stress.

43
Q

What is the innermost aspect of compact bone?

A

lamellae

44
Q

What does lamellae merge with ?

A

lamellae
merge with trabeculae of cancellous (spongy bone).

45
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

spongey bone

46
Q

Name structures 1 and 2 of spongy bone

A

Cancellous (spongy) bone is made of a network of bone trabeculae (2)

separated by interconnected spaces containing bone marrow (1).

47
Q

What are the 2 components of spongy bone?

A

network of bone trabeculae

separated by interconnected spaces containing bone marrow

48
Q

What is trabiculae?

A

Trabiculae are thin and composed of irregular bone lamellae.

49
Q

Does cancellous bone have haversian canals?

A

NO

50
Q

Where do osteocytes get their nutrition?

A

via canaliculi connecting them to blood sinusoids in the marrow.

51
Q

What is the role of spongy bone?

A

Spongy bone gives bone its flexibility due to the presence of marrow spaces.

52
Q

Where is trabeculae found?

A

Trabiculae are aligned along lines of stress so as to withstand forces applied to the bone while adding minimally to the mass.

53
Q

What separates sockets of alveolar bone?

A

interdental septa.

54
Q

What separates roots of alveolar bone?

A

interradicular septa.

55
Q

What is the fundus?

A

socket floor

56
Q

What are examples of exogenous proteins?

A

cytokines + growth factors

57
Q

What is a single unit of bone?

A

osteon

58
Q

What are the 2 forms of electron microscopy?

A

transmission

scanning - surface (3D image of the surface)

59
Q

What do the small holes show in this image?

A

Where sharpeys’s fibres into the bone

inserted at right angles

not fully mineralised bone

60
Q

What do the large holes in this image show?

A

lacunae where osteocytes can get trapped

61
Q

What is the difference between the above and below image?

A

above = fully anorganic electron microscopy (scanning)

below = partially anorganic electron microscopy

62
Q

What does the bottom image show?

A

collagen fibrils parallel to the bone surface

63
Q

How would you describe Sharpey’s collagen fibres?

A

extrinsic collagen fibres coming at right angles

whereas intrinsic run parallel to the surface of bone

64
Q

What do A and B show in this electron microscopy image?

A

A = bone resorption ; howships lacunae

B = longer snail track resorption lacunae

65
Q

What is bone called when there is no bone formation or resorption?

A

resting bone

66
Q

Name structures A-E

A

A = Alveolar bone
B = Labial cortical plate
C = body mandible
D = lingual cortical plate
E = cribriform plate

the base of the tooth is the fundus

67
Q

In childhood, what is more predominant bone deposition or resorption?

A

deposition

68
Q

What is bone remodelling like in adult life?

A

equilibrium between bone deposition and resorption

69
Q

In old age, what is the bone remodelling like?

A

bone resorption exceeds deposition

70
Q

What does the bone on the right show?

A

osteoporosis

bone mass is lost

71
Q

How are osteoblasts involved in bine remodelling?

A

Osteoblasts could stimulate the production of osteoclasts by the release of cytokines and growth factors, activate osteoclasts

Osteoblasts could produce enzymes that degrade osteoid thus exposing bone for osteoclasts to work on.

72
Q

What is a reversal line?

A

Reversal lines (arrowed) marks the change in bone activity.

between the newly formed bone and the old bone, represents the change in activity form bone resorption to bone formation.

73
Q

What do the black arrows show?

A

reversal lines

could be evidence of a fracture

74
Q

Are bones constantly remodelled?

A

YES to adapt to pressure

75
Q

How often does spongy bone and compact bone remodel?

A

Spongy bone remodels 25% of its mass every year.

Compact bone remodels 3% of its mass per year

76
Q

What is the bone called between 2 roots?

A

interseptal bone

77
Q

What are trans-septal sharpey’s fibres? (or transseptal alveolar fibres)

A

enter the interseptal bone and exit through the other side and are continuous with the periodontal ligament on the other side of the interseptal bone

78
Q

Name A-C

A

Transalveolar fibres (A).
B Periodontal Ligament
C Dentine

decalcified section

BDS2 Oral Biology - Histology (27 decks)

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