09 The Industrial Revolution, 1700-1900

Question 1

Industrial Revolution

Answer 1

the shift, beginning in England during the 18th century, from making goods by hand to making them by machine

Question 2

enclosure

Answer 2

one of the fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers

Question 3

crop rotation

Answer 3

the system of growing a different crop in a field each year to preserve the fertility of the land

Question 4

industrialization

Answer 4

the development of industries for the machine production of goods

Question 5

factors of production

Answer 5

the resources—including land, labor, and capital—that are needed to produce goods and services

Question 6

factory

Answer 6

a large building in which machinery is used to manufacture goods

Question 7

entrepreneur

Answer 7

a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business

Question 8

urbanization

Answer 8

the growth of cities and the migration of people into them

Question 9

middle class

Answer 9

a social class made up of skilled workers, professionals, businesspeople, and wealthy farmers

Question 10

stock

Answer 10

right of ownership in a company called a corporation

Question 11

corporation

Answer 11

a business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debts

Question 12

laissez faire

Answer 12

the idea that government should not interfere with or regulate industries and businesses

Question 13

Adam Smith

Answer 13

philosopher who defended laissez faire economics

Question 14

capitalism

Answer 14

an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of money in business ventures in order to make a profit

Question 15

utilitarianism

Answer 15

the theory, proposed by Jeremy Bentham in the late 1700s, that government actions are useful only if they promote the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Question 16

socialism

Answer 16

an economic system in which the factors of production are owned by the public and operate for the welfare of all

Question 17

Karl Marx

Answer 17

economic thinker who wrote about a radical form of socialism

Question 18

communism

Answer 18

an economic system in which all means of production—land, mines, factories, railroads, and businesses—are owned by the people, private property does not exist, and all goods and services are shared equally

Question 19

union

Answer 19

an association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages

Question 20

strike

Answer 20

to refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands

Question 21

agricultural revolution

Answer 21

changes that led to great increases in the amount of food farmers produced

Question 22

boom

Answer 22

a time of increased activity, wealth, and prosperity

Question 23

economists

Answer 23

people who study the ways that goods are made, sold, and bought

Question 24

imperialism

Answer 24

actions or policies by which one country controls another

Question 25

output

Answer 25

amount of something produced or manufactured

Question 26

raw materials

Answer 26

materials used in factories to create goods

Question 27

slums

Answer 27

areas of poverty and poor housing

Question 28

tenant farmers

Answer 28

farmers who work land rented from someone else

Question 29

9.1 What were four factors that contributed to industrialization in Britain?

Answer 29

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Question 30

9.2 What were some of the negative effects of the rapid growth of Manchester?

Answer 30

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Question 31

9.3 How did the Industrial Revolution shift the world balance of power?

Answer 31

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Question 32

9.4 What were Adam Smith’s three natural laws of economics?

Answer 32

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