08 Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the West, 1789–1900

Question 1

peninsulare

Answer 1

in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Spain

Question 2

creole

Answer 2

in Spanish colonial society, colonists who were born in Latin America to Spanish parents

Question 3

mulatto

Answer 3

persons of mixed European and African ancestry

Question 4

Simón Bolívar

Answer 4

leader of the Venezuelan independence movement

Question 5

José de San Martín

Answer 5

leader who helped win independence for Chile and Argentina

Question 6

Miguel Hidalgo

Answer 6

priest who began the revolt against Spanish rule in Mexico

Question 7

José María Morelos

Answer 7

leader of the Mexican revolt after Hildalgo was defeated

Question 8

conservatives

Answer 8

in the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans—mainly wealthy landowners and nobles—who wanted to preserve the traditional monarchies of Europe

Question 9

liberals

Answer 9

in the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans—mainly middle-class business leaders and merchants—who wanted to give more political power to elected parliaments

Question 10

radicals

Answer 10

in the first half of the 19th century, those Europeans who favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people

Question 11

nationalism

Answer 11

the belief that people should be loyal mainly to their nation—that is, to the people with whom they share a culture and history—rather than to a king or empire

Question 12

nation-state

Answer 12

an independent geopolitical unit of people having a common culture and identity

Question 13

Balkans

Answer 13

the region of southeastern Europe now occupied by Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, the European part of Turkey, and the former republics of Yugoslavia

Question 14

Louis-Napoleon

Answer 14

winner of the presidential election in France in 1848; later emperor

Question 15

Alexander II

Answer 15

ruler of Russia who freed the serfs

Question 16

Russification

Answer 16

the process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian Empire

Question 17

Camillo di Cavour

Answer 17

prime minister who unified northern Italy

Question 18

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Answer 18

leader of the Red Shirts who won control over parts of southern Italy

Question 19

Junker

Answer 19

wealthy German landholders

Question 20

Otto von Bismarck

Answer 20

leader who worked to expand Prussia

Question 21

realpolitik

Answer 21

the practice of tough power politics without room for idealism

Question 22

kaiser

Answer 22

a German emperor (from the Roman title Caesar)

Question 23

romanticism

Answer 23

an early-19th-century movement in art and thought, which focused on emotion and nature rather than reason and society

Question 24

realism

Answer 24

a 19th-century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Question 25

impressionism

Answer 25

a movement in 19th-century painting, in which artists reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or moments in time

Question 26

8.1 How was the Haitian Revolution different from revolutions in the rest of Latin America?

Answer 26

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Question 27

8.2 Why did France’s Third Republic fail?

Answer 27

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Question 28

8.3 What advantages did Prussia have in leading the German states to unify?

Answer 28

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Question 29

8.4 What characteristics did photography have that made it the art of the industrial age?

Answer 29

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