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GI/Nutrition > 06b: Liver, GP Histo and Hepatic Transport > Flashcards

06b: Liver, GP Histo and Hepatic Transport Flashcards

1
Q

Liver: The perisinusoidal space, aka space of (X), lies between which structures?

A

X = Disse

Endothelial cells and hepatocytes

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2
Q

(Central/sublobular/collecting) veins are supported by prominent sheath of connective tissue.

A

Sublobular and collecting

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3
Q

Sinusoids drain into (X), which drain into (Y), which drain into (Z).

A 
X = central vein
Y = sublobular vein
Z = collecting vein
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4
Q

Collecting veins drain into (X), which drain into (Y), which drain into (Z).

A 
X = hepatic veins
Y = IVC
Z = RA
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5
Q

T/F: epithelium of gallbladder is composed of only one type of cell, bearing luminal cilia.

A

False - that cell type bears microvilli

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6
Q

Which tissue layer(s) are missing in gallbladder?

A

Muscularis mucosae and submucosa

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7
Q

The (X) cells of the pancreas have the same staining properties as (Y) duct cells of pancreas. Thus, these cells are distinguished based on location.

A 
X = centroacinar
Y = intercalated ducts
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8
Q

Most, about (X)% of blood to liver is carried by (Y). Which structure(s) carry the rest?

A 
X = 75;
Y = portal vein

25% via hepatic artery

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9
Q

The first capillary bed in the hepatic portal system is (X). The second is (Y).

A 
X = GI capillary bed
Y = liver sinusoids
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10
Q

The sinusoids in liver are receiving (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood from which vessel(s)?

A

Mixed;

Terminal branches from portal vein and hepatic artery

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11
Q

Strong fibroelastic hepatic capsule is called (X) and is covered by (Y) tissue where it faces peritoneal cavity.

A 
X = Glisson's capsule
Y = mesothelium
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12
Q

The hepatocyte itself has (endocrine/exocrine) function and which cellular domains?

A

Both;

apical and basal

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13
Q

The (X) domain of hepatocyte faces perisinusoidal space (Disse). Function of this surface is:

A

X = basal

  1. Absorption of substances from blood
  2. Secretion of protein into blood
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14
Q

The (X) domain of hepatocyte is firmly attached to (Y), forming border of:

A 
X = apical
Y = adjacent hepatocyte

Bile canaliculus

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15
Q

Bile canaliculi are sealed off by (X) formed between which cells?

A

X = zonula occludens (tight junctions)

hepatocytes

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16
Q

Bile canaliculi join to form (X), which then carry bile to (Y).

A 
X = short bile ductules (canals of Hering)
Y = large bile ducts
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17
Q

The liver lobes are further subdivided into:

A
  1. Lobules

2. Acini

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18
Q

List the three functional/structural units of the liver and the “shapes” they each depict.

A
  1. Classic liver lobule (hexagon)
  2. Portal lobule (triangle)
  3. Hepatic acinus (diamond)
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19
Q

The classic liver lobule has (X) shape and is centered on (Y).

A 
X = hexagon
Y = central vein
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20
Q

In (X) structural unit of liver, which structure(s) make up the corners of the hexagon?

A

X = classic liver lobule

Portal triads

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21
Q

The classic liver lobule is structurally defined by flow of (X) to/from:

A

X = blood;

To central vein from sinusoids

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22
Q

The liver portal lobule has (X) shape and is centered on (Y).

A 
X = triangular
Y = bile duct (within portal triad)
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23
Q

In (X) structural unit of liver, which structure(s) make up the corners of the triangle?

A

X = portal lobule

Central veins

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24
Q

The liver portal lobule is structurally defined by flow of (X) to/from:

A

X = bile

From surrounding hepatocyte into bile duct

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25
Q

Hepatic acinus has (X) shape and is centered on (Y).

A 
X = diamond
Y = terminal portal veins
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26
Q

In (X) structural unit of liver, which structure(s) make up the corners of the diamond?

A

X = hepatic acinus

2 Central veins and 2 portal triads

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27
Q

Zone 1 of liver’s hepatic acinus is close to (X) structure, thus receiving blood that’s (most/least)-rich in oxygen/nutrients and toxins.

A

X = sinusoids;

Most

28
Q

Zone 3 of liver’s hepatic acinus is close to (X) structure, thus receiving blood that’s (most/least)-rich in oxygen/nutrients and toxins.

A

X = central vein

Least

29
Q

The architecture and cell processes of liver: designed to transport substances from (X), across (Y), and into the cell.

A 
X = sinusoidal blood
Y = perisinusoidal space (of Disse) and basolateral membrane
30
Q

The architecture and cell processes of liver: transported substances within hepatocyte undergo modification prior to excretion across (X), and into (Y).

A 
X = apical plasma membrane
Y = bile canaliculus (biliary system)
31
Q

The ABC, aka (X) family of transporters are important for driving (Y) processes in liver.

A 
X = ATP-binding cassette
Y = transport (uptake and excretion)
32
Q

Liver plays major role in synthesis of (X) de novo from acetate.

A

X = FAs and cholesterol

33
Q

T/F: Most plasma proteins are made in the liver.

A

True

34
Q

Following synthesis of a plasma protein, such as albumin, (X) cells secrete it into (Y).

A 
X = hepatocytes
Y = perisinusoidal space (of Disse)
35
Q

List some key substances that are secreted by hepatocyte into the bile canaliculus.

A
  1. Bile salts
  2. Cholesterol
  3. Phospholipids
  4. Bilirubin (conjugated, BRDG)
36
Q

ABC B-11 is important for (X) process in liver.

A

X = transport of conjugated bile salts from hepatocyte to bile canaliculus

37
Q

ABC B-4 is important for (X) process in liver.

A

X = transport of phosphotydylcholine (PC) from hepatocyte to bile canaliculus

38
Q

ABC G-5/8 is important for (X) process in liver.

A

X = transport of sterols (esp cholesterol) from hepatocyte to bile canaliculus

39
Q

ABC G-5/8 is important for (X) process in gut.

A

X = transport of sterols (esp cholesterol) from enterocyte to intestinal lumen

40
Q

ABC C-2 is important for (X) process in gut.

A

X = transport of bilirubin digluciride (BRDG) from hepatocyte to bile canaliculus

41
Q

Most, 90%, of bile is composed of which substances?

A
  1. Bile acids (Na salt)
  2. Phospholipids
  3. Cholesterol
42
Q

Cholesterol solubility is about 1 million times greater in (X) than in water.

A

X = bile

43
Q

T/F: The great majority of bile is composed of cholesterol.

A

False - bile acids

44
Q

Bile has significant amount of (phospholipid/protein/bilirubin).

A

Phospholipids (but the other two also present)

45
Q

Primary bile acids are synthesized by (X) process in (Y) location. What’s the enzyme responsible?

A 
X = conjugation of cholesterol
Y = liver

7-alpha hydroxylase (rate-limiting)

46
Q

During synthesis of bile acids in liver, it’s important to conjugate their (X) group with (Y) to (raise/lower) (Z). This prevents their precipitation in the duodenum.

A

X = OH (of carboxyl groups)
Y = glycine or taurine
Lower;
Z = pKa

47
Q

Secondary bile acids are synthesized by (X) process in (Y) location. What’s the cell type responsible?

A 
X = dehydroxylation and deconjugation;
Y = colon

Bacteria

48
Q

(Cholic/deoxycholic) acid is a (primary/secondary) bile salt.

A

Cholic (primary); deoxycholic (secondary)

49
Q

(Cholic/lithocholic/deoxycholic) acid is a (primary/secondary) bile salt that’s insoluble, thus mostly excreted instead of recycled.

A

Lithocholic;

Secondary

50
Q

Most, over (X)%, of bile salts are reabsorbed in which specific location of GI tract? Via which mechanism/channel/transporter?

A

X = 95
Ileum;

IBAT (Ileal Bile Acid transporter)

51
Q

Following reabsorbtion into (X) cell in ileum, bile salt exits into (Y). What’s its destination? It travels (free/bound).

A 
X = enterocyte;
Y = portal blood

Hepatocyte;
Bound to albumin

52
Q

The Na-Taurocholate-Cotransport Protein (NTCP) is found on (X) cells and responsible for (uptake/secretion) of (Y).

A

X = hepatocytes;
Uptake
Y = bile salts

53
Q

T/F: Cholesterol sources are exclusively synthesis by liver and ingestion from diet.

A

False - some peripheral tissues synthesize cholesterol

54
Q

T/F: Non-hepatic cholesterol is also delivered to the liver.

A

True

55
Q

T/F: The liver handles non-hepatic cholesterol in the same way as its own (synthesized) cholesterol.

A

True

56
Q

The bile sale pool recycles about (X) times a day.

A

X = 8

57
Q

T/F: Liver doesn’t need to synthesize any bile salts on a regular basis.

A

False - synthesizes small amount (0.4g) lost in feces daily

58
Q

A mixed micelle is formed on (luminal/basal) side of (X) cell/structure, following transport of which 3 key components?

A

Luminal;
Bile canalicular membrane

Bile salt, PC (phospholipid), cholesterol

59
Q

Gallstones in normal-weight patient likely due to issues with (high/low)
(X) secretion.

A

Low

X = rate of bile salt

60
Q

Gallstones in over-weight patient likely due to issues with (X) secretion.

A

High (double);

X = cholesterol

61
Q

In both obese/non-obese patients, (X) is the event that actually forms the gallstones.

A

X = precipitation of cholesterol

62
Q

Albumin generally binds (X) molecules of FAs, though its max capacity is (Y).

A 
X = 1-2
Y = 10-15
63
Q

FA bound to albumin in excess of (X) ratio are quickly transferred to (Y). What’s their eventual fate?

A 
X = 1:1
Y = hepatocyte membrane

Flip to cytoplasmic surface, removed by FABP, and enter cell FA pool

64
Q

When albumin is synthesized in (X) location, it’s (free/bound).

A

X = liver;

Free

65
Q

The major apoprotein of HDL, (X), undergoes synthesis in (Y). Which major modification produces the nascent HDL particle?

A 
X = Apo-A1;
Y = liver

10-14 Phospholipids (especially PC) added (to 2 A1 molecules)

66
Q

Apoprotein B100, just following its (transcription/translation/translocation), has two possible fates, depending on (X). What are they?

A

Translocation (into ER lumen);
X = availability of lipid substrate;

  1. Degradation
  2. VLDL synthesis
67
Q

Apo-B1 is combined with (X) to form nascent (LDL/HDL/VLDL/chylomicron).

A

X = phospholipids and cholesterol;

VLDL

GI/Nutrition (17 decks)

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