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GI/Nutrition > 05a: Salivary and Pancreatic Secretion > Flashcards

05a: Salivary and Pancreatic Secretion Flashcards

1
Q

Salivary glands secrete (X) volume of saliva per day. How much fluid does pancreas secrete per day?

A

X = up to 1 L

Pancreas: 2 L

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2
Q

List the primary constituents of saliva.

A
  1. Water/electrolytes
  2. Mucus
  3. Amylase
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3
Q

Fluid in lumen of salivary acinus is similar in composition to (X) fluid. This fluid came about as a result of (diffusion/filtration/secretion) via (Y) cells.

A

X = plasma

Active secretion
Y = acinar cells

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4
Q

Primary salivary secretion is modified as it passes through (X). List the specific modifications that occur.

A

X = ducts (tubular cells)

  1. Na and Cl reabsorbed
  2. K and HCO3 secreted
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5
Q

T/F: As primary salivary secretion is modified in ducts, the degrees of ion absorption and secretion are about equal.

A

False - absorption exceeds secretion

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6
Q

Saliva produced following modification in ducts is (acidic/neutral/alkaline).
It’s also (hyper/iso/hypo)-tonic. What’s the reason for this tonicity?

A

Alkaline;
Hypotonic;
Ion absorption exceeds secretion and ducts relatively impermeable to water

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7
Q

Saliva tends to approach (hyper/iso/hypo)-tonicity at high flow rates. This is because (X) process is incomplete.

A

Isotonicity;

X = Na and Cl reabsorption in ducts

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8
Q

Amylase, produced by (X) cells, accounts for about (Y)% of salivary protein.

A 
X = acinar and striated duct 
Y = 30
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9
Q

Amylase requires (X) ion and (acidic/alkaline/neutral) pH for optimal activity.

A

X = Cl

Neutral

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10
Q

Amylase primary function is to (form/cleave) (X) bonds. List the 3 possible products of digestion by amylase.

A

Cleave;
X = (NON-TERMINAL) alpha-1,4 glycosidic linkages

  1. Maltose
  2. Maltotriose
  3. Dextrins
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11
Q

Up to (X)% of starch may be broken down by amylase. Where/when does most of this activity take place?

A

X = 50

After swallowing (within bolus of food, as long as amylase hasn’t been exposed to gastric acid)

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12
Q

Aside from amylase, salivary protein is predominantly composed of (X), which serve (Y) function.

A 
X = mucins
Y = lubricating
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13
Q

(X) proteins in (Y) adhere to outer tooth surface and prevent crystallization of super-saturated solutions.

A 
X = proline-rich peptides (PRPs)
Y = saliva
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14
Q

(X) proteins are rich with (Y) AA. They are found in (Z) and bind to fungal cell surface domains, become internalized, and lead to fungal death.

A 
X = histatins
Y = His
Z = saliva
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15
Q

Lysozymes in saliva have which function?

A

Attach bacterial cell wall (oral health)

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16
Q

Lactoferrins are proteins in (X) that have (Y) function.

A 
X = saliva
Y = chelates iron (oral health)
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17
Q

(X) is a wound-healing substance found in saliva.

A

X = epidermal growth factor

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18
Q

(X) is a salivary digestive enzyme, produced by (serous/mucus) glands in tongue. How does it differ from amylase?

A

X = lingual lipase
Serous;

Hydrolyzes TAGs (producing DAG and FA), not starch/CHO

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19
Q

T/F: Both lingual lipase and salivary amylase are found in saliva and can continue to work following exposure to gastric acid.

A

False - only lingual lipase can work in low pH environment of stomach

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20
Q

The salivary gland is only under (neural/hormonal) control. Which (hormones/NS) stimulate these glands?

A

Neural;

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic

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21
Q

T/F: Profuse secretion of fluid/electrolytes from salivary glands is most effectively produced by stimulation via parasympathetics.

A

True

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22
Q

T/F: A proteinaceous secretion from salivary glands is most effectively produced by stimulation via sympathetics.

A

True

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23
Q

Parasympathetic activity increases salivary gland secretion by (increasing/decreasing) (X). Which factors are released to allow this?

A

Increasing;
X = blood flow

  1. VIP
  2. Kallikrein (enzyme)
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24
Q

Kallikrein is released from (X) and functions to (Y).

A 
X = salivary gland cells (via parasympathetic stimulation)
Y = cleave plasma kininogens
25
Q

Plasma kininogens are transformed into (X) via (Y). What’s the significance of this?

A 
X = kallidin
Y = kallikrein enzyme

Kallidin (vasodil) can be converted to bradykinin (vasodil); increase salivary secretion

26
Q

T/F: Both sympathetics and parasympathetics activate myoepithelial cells that surround salivary acini and ducts.

A

True

27
Q

Unconditioned reflexes in salivary secretion: (X) receptors send afferent signals to (Y).

A 
X = mechan- and chemo- (in nose, mouth, pharynx)
Y = salivary nucleus in medulla
28
Q

Higher centers (stimulate/inhibit) salivary nuclei of medulla. List some examples when these centers come into play.

A

Both;
Dry mouth/anxious (inhibit salivation via sympathetic NS and vasoconstriction)
Vomiting (stimulate salivation)

29
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells secrete (acidic/neutral/alkaline) fluid that contains numerous (X).

A

Alkaline

X = digestive enzymes

30
Q

Pancreatic digestive enzymes are initiated in/on (X). They’re transported and eventually enclosed in (Y) at which location?

A 
X = rER ribosomes
Y = condensing vacuoles

In Golgi

31
Q

Pancreatic digestive enzyme synthesis: as condensing vacuoles move toward (apex/base) of cell, they become visible as (X). Why?

A

Apex;
X = zymogen granules

Their density continues to increase during transport

32
Q

List the four classes of pancreatic enzymes found in each zymogen granule.

A
  1. Proteases
  2. Lipolytic enzymes
  3. Glycolytic enzymes
  4. Nucleic acid hydrolases
33
Q

(x) is the glycolytic enzyme secreted by the pancreas. What’s it’s action?

A

X = pancreatic amylase

Same as salivary amylase (cleaves alpha-1,4 glycolytic bonds on interior of starch)

34
Q

(X) pancreatic enzyme attacks TAGs and produces (MAG/DAG) and FA.

A

X = lipase

2 MAGs

35
Q

Carboxypeptidases are examples of (gastric/pancreatic/liver/intestinal) (X) enzymes with which specific function?

A

Pancreatic;
X = exopeptidases (proteases)

Cleave N or C terminal AAs

36
Q

(X) is the most abundant of the pancreatic enzymes. It’s under which class of enzymes? What’s its specific function?

A

X = Trypsin
Endopeptidases (protease)

Cleaves interior of peptides (C-terminal side of basic AAs)

37
Q

Which pancreatic enzymes are released as inactive proenzymes?

A

Proteases and phospholipase A2

38
Q

Pancreatic enzymes are packaged with (X), which becomes activated by (Y) at which location? This will allow for proenzyme activation.

A 
X = trypsinogen
Y = enteropeptidase

Found on brush border of cells lining duodenum

39
Q

Pancreatic enzymes: In addition to (X), zymogen granules contain (Y) as a safety mechanism, in case (X) becomes spontaneously activated.

A 
X = trypsinogen
Y = trypsin inhibitor
40
Q

T/F: pancreatic acinar cells, like salivary glands, secrete fluid similar in ionic composition to plasma.

A

True

41
Q

T/F: fluid secreted by pancreatic and salivary acinar cells undergoes identical modification in the respective ducts.

A

False - salivary is primarily ion secretion/absorption

Pancreatic secretion modified via dilution

42
Q

Pancreatic acinar cells secrete fluid that the ducts modify by (absorbing/secreting):

A

Secreting (diluting) with large volume of isotonic, alkaline-rich fluid

43
Q

It’s important for pancreatic secretion entering duodenum to be (acidic/neutral/alkaline) for which key reason?

A

Alkaline;

Neutralizes acidic chyme (thus allowing neutral, optimal pH environment for pancreatic enzymes) AND protects small intestine from acidic environment

44
Q

Pancreatic duct cell secretory process is dependent on (X) enzyme, like which other secretory cells?

A

X = carbonic anhydrase

Parietal cells of stomach

45
Q

Pancreatic duct cell has (X) (channel/transporter/ATPase) on apical membrane to allow (H/HCO3) into (lumen/cell).

A

X = HCO3/Cl
Antiporter (exchanger);
HCO3; lumen (and Cl into cell)

46
Q

Pancreatic duct cell: The (paracellular/transcellular) movement of Na into (lumen/cell/ISF) is directly dependent on movement of (X) ion(s) through (Y) (channel/transporter/ATPase).

A

Paracellular;
Lumen (to accompany HCO3);
X = Cl
Y = CFTR (channel)

47
Q

Pancreatic duct cell: the (positive/negative) luminal potential drives Na paracellularly to (ISF/lumen). What establishes this potential?

A

Negative;
Lumen;

Cl exits to lumen via CFTR

48
Q

Pancreatic secretion is primarily under control of which hormone(s)?

A

CCK and secretin

49
Q

CCK hormone directly stimulates (X) cells to (secrete/absorb) (Y).

A

X = pancreatic acinar cells
Secrete
Y = enzyme-rich fluid

50
Q

Secretin hormone directly stimulates (X) cells to (secrete/absorb) (Y).

A

X = pancreatic acinar cells
Secrete
Y = HCO3-rich fluid

51
Q

Vagal stimulation causes (X) to (increase/decrease) pancreatic acinar cell secretion and (Y) to (increase/decrease) duct cell secretion.

A 
X = ACh; increase
Y = ACh and VIP; increase
52
Q

During gastric phase of pancreatic secretion, it’s thought that (X) can stimulate secretion via which mechanism?

A

X = gastrin

Binding CCK receptor

53
Q

CCK and secretin come into play during which phase of (X) secretion?

A

X = pancreatic;

Intestinal phase

54
Q

CCK release is instigated by:

A

Presence of peptides, AA, free FAs in duodenum/jejunum

55
Q

In addition to CCK’s direct effect on (X) cells, it also bind (Y), triggering:

A 
X = pancreatic acinar cells
Y = vagal afferent nerves

Vagal reflex (additional cholinergic stimulation of acinar cells)

56
Q

Secretin release is instigated by:

A

Chyme in duodenum with pH under 4.5

57
Q

(X) is the major agonist for pancreatic duct cell secretion of (H/HCO3). This signal is mediated by which mechanism?

A

X = secretin
HCO3

cAMP (activates PKA, which phosphorylates and opens CFTR)

58
Q

Pancreatic duct cell, in general, secretes (hyper/hypo/iso)-tonic solution with which ions?

A

Isotonic; Na and HCO3

GI/Nutrition (17 decks)

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