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GI/Nutrition > 01a: Glycolysis > Flashcards

01a: Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolism of lipids, CHO, and protein converge at (X). Which one(s) go through a pyruvate step?

A

X = Acetyl-CoA

CHO and protein

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2
Q

In breakdown of AA, (X) product leads to ATP production and (Y) by-product has which fate?

A 
X = keto acids
Y = ammonia (NH3)

Urea cycle/excretion

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3
Q

T/F: Once glucose has been phosphorylated to glu-6P, it’s committed to glycolysis.

A

False

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4
Q

T/F: Glycolysis, glycogenolysis, and glycogen synthesis all take place in cytosol.

A

True

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5
Q

TCA Cycle takes place in which location? And electron transport chain?

A

Mito matrix

Inner mito membrane

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6
Q

A key reason for (hyper/hypo)-glycemia in alcoholics is that EtOH (stimulates/inhibits) (X) reaction.

A

Hypoglycemia;
Inhibits
X = Gluconeogenesis

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7
Q

For 1 glucose going through glycolysis, (X) ATP used, (Y) ATP produced, so NET (Z) ATP (used/produced).

A 
X = 2;
Y = 4;
Z = 2 produced
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8
Q

Thanks to (X) step and (Y) enzyme requiring E in glycolysis, there’s only a net 2 ATP produced from each molecule glucose.

A 
X = first and third
Y = hexokinase/glucokinase and PFK (aka glucose and fructose phosphorylation)
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9
Q

In glycolysis, which compounds are the high-E phosphate donors? Why are they important?

A

1,3-BPG and Phosphoenolpyruvate

High E drives ADP phosphorylation and ATP production

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10
Q

For each molecule of glucose running through glycolysis, (X) number of NADH produced, thanks to (Y) enzyme.

A 
X = 2
Y = G3P dehydrogenase
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11
Q

Which enzyme(s) responsible for the official ATP production during glycolysis?

A
  1. Phosphoglycerate kinase

2. Pyruvate kinase

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12
Q

Pyruvate is (oxidized/reduced) to lactate. Which enzyme catalyzes this?

A

Reduced;

Lactate dehydrogenase

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13
Q

The Pasteur effect states that (aerobic/anaerobic) conditions (inhibits/stimulates) (Y).

A

Aerobic
Inhibit;
(and anaerobic stimulate)
Y = glycolysis

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14
Q

Hexokinase has a much (lower/higher) Km for glucose than glucokinase, thus making its rate of rise of activity much (smaller/greater) with increase in glucose concentration.

A

Lower (more sensitive);

Greater

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15
Q

Normal blood glucose concentration.

A

5 mM

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16
Q

(Glucokinase/hexokinase) found in liver and (X) cells.

A

Glucokinase;

X = beta cells (pancreas)

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17
Q

MODY2 stands for (X) and is a(n) (stimulatory/inhibitory) mutation in (Y).

A

X = mature onset diabetes of the young
Inhibitory;
Y = glucokinase

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18
Q

PHHI is a(n) (stimulatory/inhibitory) mutation in (X). The problem is constant (Y), leading to (hyper/hypo)-glycemia.

A

Stimulatory;
X = glucokinase (beta cells)
Y = insulin pumped out of pancreas
Hypoglycemia (DANGEROUS)

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19
Q

(Hexokinase/glucokinase) (stimulated/inhibited) by G6P. Why is (hexokinase/glucokinase) not?

A

Hexokinase;
Inhibited;

Glucokinase half the size of hexokinase (missing allosteric binding site of G6P)

20
Q

(Hexokinase/glucokinase) is adaptive. This means (X) changes depending on nutritional/hormonal state of body.

A

Glucokinase;

X = level of enzyme

21
Q

Glut4 found in (muscle/fat/liver) and Glut 2 in (muscle/fat/liver).

A

Muscle and fat;

Liver

22
Q

Glut(2/4) activity (increases/decreases) by anoxia and (increases/decreases) by insulin via which mechanism?

A

Glut4;
Increases;
Increases (insulin causes intracell vesicles containing transporter to fuse with PM)

23
Q

Why would (ATP/ADP) be a more sensitive indicator of E change/usage?

A

ADP; lower concentration, so any change in ATP/ADP levels more prominent

24
Q

High (ADP/ATP) levels will stimulate PFK. And high (ADP/ATP) levels inhibit it.

A

ADP (or AMP); ATP

25
Q

T/F: Between AMP, ADP, and ATP, ADP is the most sensitive indicator of E usage/change.

A

False - AMP is most sensitive

if ADP rises 3 fold, AMP rises 9 fold

26
Q

Citrate has (stim/inhib) effect on (X) enzyme in glycolysis. This is because it indicates:

A

Inhibitory;
X = PFK

availability of alternative fuel (FA oxidation)

27
Q

PFK is (stimulated/inhibited) by AMP, ADP, and (X).

A

X = fructose-2,6-BP

28
Q

T/F: Fructose-2,6-BP is product and feedback inhibitor of PFK.

A

False - Fructose-1,6-BP is product of PFK

29
Q

(X) process produces (Y), which must be converted to citrate to (stimulate/inhibit) (Z) glycolytic enzyme. Why?

A

X = FA Ox
Y = Acetyl-CoA
Inhibit;
Z = PFK

Acetyl-CoA can’t cross mito membrane (to enter cytosol), but citrate has carrier

30
Q

Fructose-2,6-BP is important for control of (X) processes in (muscle/liver). It’s produced by (Y) enzyme acting on (Z).

A

X = glycolysis/gluconeogenesis;
Liver
Y = PFK2;
Z = Fructose-6P

31
Q

Fructose-2,6-BP can be converted back to (X) via (Y) enzyme.

A 
X = Fructose-6P
Y = Fructose-2,6-BPase
32
Q

T/F: The active sites of PFK2 and Fructose-2,6-BPase are on the same polypeptide chain.

A

True

33
Q

High PKA activity, such as in high (insulin/glucagon) states, has which effect on Fructose-2,6-BP activity?

A

Glucagon;

  1. Inhibits PFK2 (thus lowering Fructose-2,6-BP)
  2. Stimulates Fructose-2,6-BPase
34
Q

(Muscle/liver) pyruvate kinase is weakly inhibited by ATP in (competitive/allosteric) manner.

A

Muscle;

Competitive

35
Q

(Muscle/liver) pyruvate kinase is strongly inhibited by ATP in (competitive/allosteric) manner.

A

Liver;

Allosteric

36
Q

Phosphorylation of (muscle/liver) pyruvate kinase by (X) inhibits it.

A

Liver;

X = PKA

37
Q

The activity of (muscle/liver) pyruvate kinase is dependent on high (X) levels.

A

Liver;

X = Fructose-1,6-BP

38
Q

“Fructose intolerance” refers to deficiency in (X) enzyme, which ties fructose metabolism at (Y) step/compound. This leads to loss of cell ATP.

A 
X = aldolase B
Y = Fructose-1P
39
Q

Glucokinase inhibitory protein is found in (muscle/liver) and its mechanism is:

A

Liver;

Binds glucokinase, keeping it in nucleus (can’t go to cytoplasm)

40
Q

Fructose-1P (stimulates/inhibits) glucokinase activity. What’s the (direct/indirect) mechanism?

A

Stimulates;

Indirect;
Binds and inhibits glucokinase inhibitory protein from binding glucokinase

41
Q

Fructose-6P (stimulates/inhibits) glucokinase activity. What’s the (direct/indirect) mechanism?

A

Inhibits;
Indirect;

Competes with Fructose-1P, which indirectly stimulates glucokinase activity

42
Q

(Phosphorylated/unphosphorylated) PFK2/F26BP binds glucokinase and has which effect on its activity?

A

Unphosphorylated;

Maintains its activity by keeping it in cytoplasm

43
Q

Cataracts can result from accumulation of (X), which is derived from (Y).

A 
X = galactitol;
Y = galactose
44
Q

Why should lactose be avoided in galactosemia?

A

Lactose = glucose + galactose

45
Q

(Hexokinase/glucokinase) is sensitive to changes in glucose in the physiological range due to its (high/low) Km.

A 
Glucokinase;
High Km (low affinity)

GI/Nutrition (17 decks)

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