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GI/Nutrition > 04a: GI Tract Histology > Flashcards

04a: GI Tract Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Simple tubular invaginations of the surface epithelium of stomach.

A

Gastric pits

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2
Q

List the 5 cell types found in gastric glands. Star the ones you have to ID.

A
  1. Parietal cells*
  2. Chief cells*
  3. Mucus “neck” cells
  4. Stem cells
  5. Eneteroendocrine cells (EEC)
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3
Q

Parietal cells are source of (X). They’re notably (basophilic/eosinophilic).

A

X = HCl and gastric intrinsic factor

Eosinophilic

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4
Q

Chief cells are source of (X). They’re notably (basophilic/eosinophilic).

A

X = pepsinogen

Basophilic (due to RER, ribosomes)

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5
Q

Which two features specifically characterize the

small intestine?

A

Intestinal villi and plicae circulares

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6
Q

Intestinal villi are folds of (X) tissue layer that extend into lumen.

A

X = lamina propria

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7
Q

Plicae circulares are folds of (X) tissue layer. They’re similar to (Y) structure, but (do/don’t) flatten with distension of lumen.

A

X = submucosa
Y = rugae
Don’t

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8
Q

The wall of small/large intestine itself has tubular invaginations called (X). How far/deep do these extend?

A

X = intestinal crypts (crypts of Lieberkuhn)

To muscularis mucosae

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9
Q

(X) cells are the most frequent in the epithelium of the duodenum, decreasing in frequency in the direction of the large intestine.

A

X = enterocytes (simple columnar absorptive cells)

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10
Q

(X) cells are least frequent in the duodenum, and increase in frequency toward the large intestine and anal canal. What does their cytoplasm contain?

A

X = goblet

Mucinogen

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11
Q

(X) is the exocrine cell of small intestine. They have (basophilic/eosinophilic) granules that secrete (Y).

A

X = paneth
Eosinophilic
Y = lysozyme (anti-bac for protection)

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12
Q

Colon has three grossly visible bands of thickened (X) tissue
layer, known as taeniae coli.

A

X = muscularis externa (outer longitudinal layer)

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13
Q

Which embryonic tissue gives rise to epithelium lining of digestive system?

A

Endoderm

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14
Q

Which embryonic tissue gives rise to glands of digestive system?

A

Endoderm

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15
Q

Embryology: epithelial tube is surrounded by (X) tissue.

A

X = splanchnic mesoderm

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16
Q

Which embryonic tissue gives rise to muscle and CT of digestive system?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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17
Q

Which embryonic tissue gives rise to blood vessels of digestive system?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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18
Q

Which embryonic tissue gives rise to visceral peritoneum components of digestive system?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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19
Q

Which embryonic tissue gives rise to parietal peritoneum components of digestive system?

A

Somatic mersoderm

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20
Q

Embryology: Pharyngeal portion of foregut extends from (X) to (Y).

A 
X = buccopharyngeal membrane
Y = respiratory diverticulum
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21
Q

Embryology: Foregut “proper” begins (rostral/caudal) to pharyngeal tube and extends until (X).

A

Caudal

X = superior duodenum (superior to ampulla of pancreatic duct)

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22
Q

Embryology: midgut extends from (X) to (Y).

A 
X = inferior to bile/pancreatic duct in duodenum
Y = Jxn of right 2/3 and left 1/3 of transverse colon
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23
Q

Embryology: hindgut extends from (X) to (Y).

A 
X = Left 1/3 of transverse colon
Y = cloacal membrane
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24
Q

Embryology: Stomach rotates (X) degrees (clockwise/counter-clockwise).

A

X = 90

Clockwise

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25
Q

List the main characteristic of pyloric stenosis.

A

Inner circular layer of muscularis externa hypertrophies

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26
Q

Pyloric stenosis is most common in (newborns/adults/elderly) and (males/females).

A

Newborns (presents 3-5 days post-partem)

Males

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27
Q

T/F: Ultrasound provides accurate diagnosis of pyloric stenosis in over 90% of cases.

A

True

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28
Q

During development, physiological herniation occurs when intestinal loops enter (X). This occurs during weeks (Y) of development. What’s the reason?

A 
X = extraembryonic cavity
Y = 6-10

Liver growing

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29
Q

If intestines fail to return to body cavity following phase of physiological herniation, which malformation occurs?

A

Omphalocele

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30
Q

Protrusion of viscera into amniotic cavity due to abnormal closure of body wall is called:

A

Gastrochisis

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31
Q

(Omphalocele/gastrochisis) presents with intestines covered in amnion.

A

Omphalocele

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32
Q

Usually the reason gastrochisis occurs is (excess/lack) of (X).

A

Lack

X = vascularization (thus, proliferation; not enough tissue mass for proper fusion/folding)

33
Q

The pectinate line is found within (X) structure. It marks the junction between which two tissue types?

A

X = anal canal

Endoderm (superior 2/3) and ectoderm (inferior 1/3)

34
Q

Pectinate line represents site where (X) embryological structure was.

A

X = cloacal membrane

35
Q

Most common congenital defect of GI system is (X), which is due to (Y).

A 
X = Meckel's (ileal) diverticulum
Y = persistence of vitelline duct
36
Q

T/F: Meckel’s diverticulum typically presents with persistent vomiting and distended bowel.

A

False - typically symptomless

37
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum may present with serious symptoms if (X) is present.

A

X = ectopic gastric/pancreatic mucosa (secretes acid)

38
Q

Serosa, by definition, is composed of which components?

A

Mesothelium and underlying CT

39
Q

(Serosa/adventitia) covers esophagus.

A

Adventitia until esophagus passes diaphragm (then, serosa)

40
Q

The prevalent history of esophageal tumors involves which cell type? Tumors involved the (adventital/serosal) part of esophagus have a poor prognosis.

A

Squamous cell;

Adventitial (spread easier)

41
Q

List the two types of glands found in esophagus. Star the mucin-secreting ones.

A
  1. Esophageal glands proper*

2. Esophageal cardiac glands*

42
Q

Esophageal glands proper are found in (X) tissue layer and secrete (Y) for which function?

A 
X = submucosa
Y = mucus

lubricate wall

43
Q

Esophageal cardiac glands are found in (X) tissue layer and secrete (Y) for which function?

A 
X = lamina propria
Y = mucus

Protective (from regurgitated gastric contents)

44
Q

T/F: Esophageal cardiac glands are purely mucus.

A

True

45
Q

UES formed by (X) muscle. LES formed by (Y) muscle.

A 
X = cricopharyngeus
Y = inner circular layer of muscularis externa
46
Q

Function of UES is to prevent (X). Function of LES is to prevent (Y).

A 
X = reflux and air from entering esophagus
Y = reflux from stomach into esophagus
47
Q

List the three components of the anti-reflux barriers.

A
  1. LES
  2. Angle of His
  3. Diaphragm
48
Q

T/F: Main barrier to reflux of gastric contents is diaphragm.

A

False - LES

49
Q

“(X) esophagus” can result from chronic GERD. Describe what’s going on.

A

X = Barrett

Metaplasia (esophagus epithelium becomes simple columnar instead of SSNK)

50
Q

List the histological findings of Barrett esophagus.

A
  1. Pink epithelium
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Gastric surface mucus cells
51
Q

You’d expect to find (1/2/3) different cell types lining stomach lumen. List them.

A

1;

Surface mucous cell (simple columnar)

52
Q

T/F: Surface mucous cells line entire surface of stomach as well as the gastric pits.

A

True

53
Q

T/F: Surface mucous cells aren’t found in gastric glands.

A

False

54
Q

In the stomach, the “isthmus” marks transition from (X), containing purely surface mucous cells, to (Y), containing variety of cell types.

A 
X = gastric pit
Y = gastric gland
55
Q

Parietal cells are (X)-shaped cells that are primarily found in (Y) region of gastric (pit/gland)

A

X = triangular
Y = neck
Gland

56
Q

T/F: EECs in stomach are primarily located toward stomach lumen in gastric glands.

A

False - typically deeper/further from lumen

57
Q

Surface mucous cells are renewed every (X) (hours/days/weeks). The stem cells are located near (Y) region of gastric glands.

A 
X = 3-5 days
Y = isthmus
58
Q

Which glands would you expect to find in submucosa of stomach?

A

None!

59
Q

T/F: Parietal and chief cells are found in gastric glands throughout entire stomach.

A

False! Only fundic/gastric region (and maybe some in cardiac region)

60
Q

T/F: Mucus neck cells, EECs, and stem cells are found in gastric glands throughout entire stomach.

A

True

61
Q

List the three specializations/modifications of small intestine that increase surface area.

A
  1. Intestinal villi
  2. Microvilli
  3. Plicae circularis
62
Q

Core of microvillus is composed of (X), which extend into apical aspect and inset into (Y).

A 
X = vertical microfilaments
Y = horizontal microfilaments
63
Q

Epithelial cells of small intestine are bound to one another via (X). This consists of which three structures?

A

X = Junctional complexes

  1. Zonula occludens (tight junctions)
  2. Zonula adherens
  3. Macula adherens (Desmosome)
64
Q

The junctional complex is seen on (EM/LM) and corresponds to (X) structure on (EM/LM).

A

EM;
X = terminal bar
LM

65
Q

(X) cells in small intestine function in absorption as well as secretion of water, electrolytes, and (Y).

A 
X = enterocytes
Y = glycoprotein enzymes (form glycocalyx)
66
Q

The small intestine stem cells are located near (X) region of intestinal glands.

A

X = base of crypt

67
Q

T/F: M cells are APCs.

A

False - antigen-transporting cells

68
Q

(X) are blind-ended lymphatic capillaries in (Y) part of GI tract.

A 
X = central lacteals
Y = small intestine
69
Q

A number of steps are involved in lacteal uptake of fat. (X) cells absorb (TAG/MAG and FA) from lumen. The fat is exocytosed to lacteal in which form?

A

X = enterocytes
MAG and FA

Re-synthesized TAG, in chylomicron

70
Q

What’s the function of Brunner’s glands in (mucosa/submucosa/muscularis) of (X) anyway?

A

Submucosa
X = duodenum

Protect epithelium (bring intestinal contents to optimal pH)

71
Q

You’d find Peyer’s patches in (X) tissue layer of (Y) structure.

A 
X = lamina propria and submucosa
Y = ileum
72
Q

List the three basic functions of the colon.

A
  1. Reabsorption of water/electrolytes
  2. Propel undigested food/waste
  3. Protect epithelium from abrasion
73
Q

Large intestine has uniquely (thin/thick) CT layer in lamina propria. This functions to regulate (X).

A

Thick;

X = water/Na absorption and transport to capillaries

74
Q

There’s an extensive development of lymph tissue in (stomach/small intestine/large intestine) lamina propria. But the lymphatic vessels are found in (X) tissue level.

A

Large intestine

X = muscularis mucosae

75
Q

Lymph nodules of appendix are found in (mucosa/submucosa/muscularis).

A

Mucosa

76
Q

(Upper/lower) region of (rectum/anal canal) has transverse folds.

A

Upper; rectum

77
Q

Anal canal is about (X) long and divided into which zones?

A

X = 4 cm

  1. Colorectal zone
  2. Anal transitional zone
  3. Squamous zone
78
Q

Epithelium transitions: from colon until (X), epithelium is which type? Then what does it transition to?

A

X = proximal anal canal;

SSNKE, then SSKE

GI/Nutrition (17 decks)

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