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GI/Nutrition > 03a: Nutrition > Flashcards

03a: Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) have been published every (X) years with the objective to:

A

X = 5

Promote population health (via support of health professionals and informing policy)

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2
Q

In line with key recommendations of DGA, a diet that’s consistently associated with positive health outcomes is one (low/high) in (X).

A

High;

X = fruits and veggies

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3
Q

Less than (X)% of calories per day should come from added sugars.

A

X = 10

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4
Q

Less than (X)% of calories per day should come from saturated fats.

A

X = 10

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5
Q

EtOH limit per day for men is (X) and women is (Y).

A 
X = 2 drinks
Y = 1 drink
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6
Q

Consume less than (X) per day of Na.

A

X = 2300 mg

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7
Q

Healthy Mediterranean-Style Pattern is similar to US-Style but increases recommended (X) and decreases recommended (Y).

A 
X = seafood and fruit
Y = dairy
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8
Q

In Healthy Vegetarian Pattern, which food groups are increased with elimination of meat/poultry/seafood?

A
  1. Soy/legumes
  2. Whole grains
  3. Nuts/seeds
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9
Q

Amount of nutrient intake that meets the needs of 50% of population.

A

Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)

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10
Q

Amount of nutrient intake that meets the needs of 98% of population.

A

Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)

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11
Q

When there’s not enough data on a nutrient, (X) is used for intake recommendations. This value is based on (Y).

A 
X = AI (Adequate intake)
Y = intake of healthy individuals
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12
Q

Maximum intake of nutrient that’s unlikely to pose risk.

A

UL (tolerable upper intake level)

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13
Q

Why might vitamin deficiency occur during pregnancy?

A

Increased requirement is not met with adequate intake

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14
Q

Vitamin deficiency may occur in patient with fever or after major surgery due to (increase/decrease) (X).

A

Increase

X = metabolic demand of body

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15
Q

List the key fat soluble vitamins of concern in US population.

A

Vit A, D, E

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16
Q

List the key water soluble vitamins of concern in US population.

A

Vit B9 (folate), B12, C

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17
Q

List the key minerals of concern in US population.

A

Fe, K, Ca, Mg

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18
Q

List the key vitamins/minerals of concern in vegetarian/vegan diet.

A

Vit B12, D;

Fe, Ca, Zn

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19
Q

List the key vitamins/minerals of concern in elderly.

A

Vit B12

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20
Q

List the key vitamins/minerals of concern in women of childbearing age.

A 
Vit B9 (folate), B12;
Fe
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21
Q

Intestinal microorganisms can give us which key nutrients?

A

Vit K and Biotin

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22
Q

Malabsorption causing fatty stools would cause one to worry about vitamin (X) deficiency.

A

X = ADEK (fat-soluble vitamins) and B9, B12

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23
Q

Pt with Crohn’s disease is at risk for (X) vitamin deficiency, which are associated with the inflammation of terminal ileum.

A

X = B9 (folate) and B12

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24
Q

Pt with Crohn’s disease is at risk for (X) mineral deficiency due to (Y) symptom.

A 
X = Fe
Y = blood loss in stools
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25
Q

Key vitamins of concern in alcoholism.

A

Thiamine (B1) and folate (B9)

26
Q

Key minerals of concern in alcoholism, specifically associated with re-feeding syndrome.

A

P, K, Ca, Mg

27
Q

Koilonychias, aka (X), is related to (Y) micronutrient deficiency.

A 
X = spooning nails
Y = Fe
28
Q

Pt presenting with fatigue, pallor, tachycardia, and changes in nails/hair likely has (X) deficiency. List some dietary sources you’d recommend.

A

X = Fe (anemia)

Green veggies, legumes, fortified flour/cereal, nuts/seeds, meat

29
Q

Which micronutrient deficiency might lead to bowing of the legs, aka (X)?

A

X = rickets

Vit D

30
Q

Which micronutrient deficiency might lead to osteopenia or osteoporosis? Which dietary sources would you recommend?

A

Vit D;

Fortified food (juice, milk, cereal), fatty fish, sun

31
Q

Which micronutrient deficiency might lead to xeropthalmia/bitot spots on eyes?

A

Vit A

32
Q

Which micronutrient deficiency might lead to night blindness? Which dietary sources would you recommend?

A

Vit A;

Sweet potato, carrot, pumpkin, dark leafy greens, meat

33
Q

T/F: Malnutrition in hospitalized patients is common regardless of the country’s income
level.

A

True

34
Q

T/F: Prevalence of undernutrition among hospitalized patients is higher among children.

A

False - lower

35
Q

When malnutrition, aka (under/over)-nutrition is taken into account, as many as (X)% of hospitalized children and (Y)% of hospitalized adults are malnourished.

A

Both;
X = 50
Y = 76

36
Q

In the starved-fed cycle, body metabolism favors homeostasis of (X) via which signaling molecules?

A

X = glucose

Insulin (fed state) and glucagon (starved state)

37
Q

List the three stages of the starved-fed cycle.

A
  1. Post-absorptive (after meal)
  2. Early fasting (night)
  3. Re-fed (breakfast)
38
Q

Hormonal responses to starvation: (X) levels decrease to (increase/decrease) protein synthesis.

A

X = IGF-1 (insulin-like GF)

Decrease

39
Q

During starvation, hormones such as glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and growth hormone (increase/decrease), promoting (X) processes.

A

Increase;

X = lipolysis and proteolysis

40
Q

Starvation adaptation: (glycogen/gluconeogenesis) usage kicks in first for energy.

A

Glycogen

41
Q

At around day 2 of starvation, plasma level of (X) E source shoots up drastically. Why does this happen?

A

X = ketone bodies

High FA degradation results in accumulation of acetyl CoA; TCA can’t process them all due to low oxaloacetate (used in gluconeogenesis)

42
Q

(X) growth charts should be used for children under (Y) age. For older children, (Z) growth charts should be used.

A 
X = WHO
Y = 2
Z = CDC (2-18 y.o.)
43
Q

List the indicators used to monitor growth/nutritional status in kids. Star the one only used for children under 2 y.o.

A
  1. Head circumference*
  2. Height/length
  3. Weight
  4. WL (weight-for-length) or WH (height)*
  5. BMI
44
Q

“Corrected age” used for premature infants. What’s the formula? And the units?

A

CA = (current age) - (40 weeks - gestational age at birth)

All in weeks

45
Q

T/F: Growth charts are only age-specific.

A

False - age and sex; also, preterm and disease-specific charts exist

46
Q

New efforts to improve assessment of pediatric nutritional status. For example, (X) used instead of percentiles.

A

X = Z-scores (standard deviations from mean)

47
Q

Adult malnutrition: following identification of nutritional risk, you should look for (X) symptom. Based on its presence/absence, you can conclude:

A

X = inflammation

Presence: injury or disease-related
Absence: starvation-related

48
Q

Milk to moderate inflammation in malnourished adult likely stems from (X)-related malnutrition.

A

X = chronic disease

49
Q

A rise in metabolic demand is seen in malnutrition due to (starvation/stress).

A

Stress

50
Q

A GF Diet is one that eliminates gluten, a(n) (X), found in a
number of grains including (Y).

A 
X = intact storage protein
Y = wheat, barley, rye
51
Q

T/F: GF Diet is essentially always nutritionally

sufficient for all micro- and macronutrients.

A

False

52
Q

T/F: Inclusion of oats in GF diet is controversial.

A

True

53
Q

Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) was an efficacy trial of (X) effect on diabetes prevention in (Y) population.

A 
X = intense lifestyle modification 
Y = pre-diabetic
54
Q

Symptoms of “Gluten sensitivity” may in fact be due to (X), from the CHOs of wheat, not gluten.

A

X = fructan (oligosaccharide)

55
Q

The (X) diet in 3-diet study had no calorie restriction.

A

X = low CHO

56
Q

Main things to limit via Mediterranean diet

A
  1. Meat/poultry
  2. Dairy
  3. Refined grains/sweets
57
Q

In the 3-diet study, which two had the best, nearly identical, outcomes?

A

Mediterranean and low-CHO

58
Q

In 3-diet study, which diet had the greatest percent fat intake?

A

Low-CHO (39%)

59
Q

Paleo diet cuts out healthy sources of:

A
  1. Fiber via whole grains
  2. Calcium via dairy
  3. Protein via legumes
60
Q

In 3-diet study, which diet had best fasting glucose among diabetics?

A

Mediterranean

61
Q

In 3-diet study, which diet improved LDL levels? And HDL?

A

None;

All improved HDL levels

GI/Nutrition (17 decks)

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