03a: Nutrition Flashcards
Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) have been published every (X) years with the objective to:
X = 5
Promote population health (via support of health professionals and informing policy)
In line with key recommendations of DGA, a diet that’s consistently associated with positive health outcomes is one (low/high) in (X).
High;
X = fruits and veggies
Less than (X)% of calories per day should come from added sugars.
X = 10
Less than (X)% of calories per day should come from saturated fats.
X = 10
EtOH limit per day for men is (X) and women is (Y).
X = 2 drinks Y = 1 drink
Consume less than (X) per day of Na.
X = 2300 mg
Healthy Mediterranean-Style Pattern is similar to US-Style but increases recommended (X) and decreases recommended (Y).
X = seafood and fruit Y = dairy
In Healthy Vegetarian Pattern, which food groups are increased with elimination of meat/poultry/seafood?
- Soy/legumes
- Whole grains
- Nuts/seeds
Amount of nutrient intake that meets the needs of 50% of population.
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
Amount of nutrient intake that meets the needs of 98% of population.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
When there’s not enough data on a nutrient, (X) is used for intake recommendations. This value is based on (Y).
X = AI (Adequate intake) Y = intake of healthy individuals
Maximum intake of nutrient that’s unlikely to pose risk.
UL (tolerable upper intake level)
Why might vitamin deficiency occur during pregnancy?
Increased requirement is not met with adequate intake
Vitamin deficiency may occur in patient with fever or after major surgery due to (increase/decrease) (X).
Increase
X = metabolic demand of body
List the key fat soluble vitamins of concern in US population.
Vit A, D, E
List the key water soluble vitamins of concern in US population.
Vit B9 (folate), B12, C
List the key minerals of concern in US population.
Fe, K, Ca, Mg
List the key vitamins/minerals of concern in vegetarian/vegan diet.
Vit B12, D;
Fe, Ca, Zn
List the key vitamins/minerals of concern in elderly.
Vit B12
List the key vitamins/minerals of concern in women of childbearing age.
Vit B9 (folate), B12; Fe
Intestinal microorganisms can give us which key nutrients?
Vit K and Biotin
Malabsorption causing fatty stools would cause one to worry about vitamin (X) deficiency.
X = ADEK (fat-soluble vitamins) and B9, B12
Pt with Crohn’s disease is at risk for (X) vitamin deficiency, which are associated with the inflammation of terminal ileum.
X = B9 (folate) and B12
Pt with Crohn’s disease is at risk for (X) mineral deficiency due to (Y) symptom.
X = Fe Y = blood loss in stools
Key vitamins of concern in alcoholism.
Thiamine (B1) and folate (B9)
Key minerals of concern in alcoholism, specifically associated with re-feeding syndrome.
P, K, Ca, Mg
Koilonychias, aka (X), is related to (Y) micronutrient deficiency.
X = spooning nails Y = Fe
Pt presenting with fatigue, pallor, tachycardia, and changes in nails/hair likely has (X) deficiency. List some dietary sources you’d recommend.
X = Fe (anemia)
Green veggies, legumes, fortified flour/cereal, nuts/seeds, meat
Which micronutrient deficiency might lead to bowing of the legs, aka (X)?
X = rickets
Vit D
Which micronutrient deficiency might lead to osteopenia or osteoporosis? Which dietary sources would you recommend?
Vit D;
Fortified food (juice, milk, cereal), fatty fish, sun
Which micronutrient deficiency might lead to xeropthalmia/bitot spots on eyes?
Vit A
Which micronutrient deficiency might lead to night blindness? Which dietary sources would you recommend?
Vit A;
Sweet potato, carrot, pumpkin, dark leafy greens, meat
T/F: Malnutrition in hospitalized patients is common regardless of the country’s income
level.
True
T/F: Prevalence of undernutrition among hospitalized patients is higher among children.
False - lower
When malnutrition, aka (under/over)-nutrition is taken into account, as many as (X)% of hospitalized children and (Y)% of hospitalized adults are malnourished.
Both;
X = 50
Y = 76
In the starved-fed cycle, body metabolism favors homeostasis of (X) via which signaling molecules?
X = glucose
Insulin (fed state) and glucagon (starved state)
List the three stages of the starved-fed cycle.
- Post-absorptive (after meal)
- Early fasting (night)
- Re-fed (breakfast)
Hormonal responses to starvation: (X) levels decrease to (increase/decrease) protein synthesis.
X = IGF-1 (insulin-like GF)
Decrease
During starvation, hormones such as glucocorticoids, catecholamines, and growth hormone (increase/decrease), promoting (X) processes.
Increase;
X = lipolysis and proteolysis
Starvation adaptation: (glycogen/gluconeogenesis) usage kicks in first for energy.
Glycogen
At around day 2 of starvation, plasma level of (X) E source shoots up drastically. Why does this happen?
X = ketone bodies
High FA degradation results in accumulation of acetyl CoA; TCA can’t process them all due to low oxaloacetate (used in gluconeogenesis)
(X) growth charts should be used for children under (Y) age. For older children, (Z) growth charts should be used.
X = WHO Y = 2 Z = CDC (2-18 y.o.)
List the indicators used to monitor growth/nutritional status in kids. Star the one only used for children under 2 y.o.
- Head circumference*
- Height/length
- Weight
- WL (weight-for-length) or WH (height)*
- BMI
“Corrected age” used for premature infants. What’s the formula? And the units?
CA = (current age) - (40 weeks - gestational age at birth)
All in weeks
T/F: Growth charts are only age-specific.
False - age and sex; also, preterm and disease-specific charts exist
New efforts to improve assessment of pediatric nutritional status. For example, (X) used instead of percentiles.
X = Z-scores (standard deviations from mean)
Adult malnutrition: following identification of nutritional risk, you should look for (X) symptom. Based on its presence/absence, you can conclude:
X = inflammation
Presence: injury or disease-related
Absence: starvation-related
Milk to moderate inflammation in malnourished adult likely stems from (X)-related malnutrition.
X = chronic disease
A rise in metabolic demand is seen in malnutrition due to (starvation/stress).
Stress
A GF Diet is one that eliminates gluten, a(n) (X), found in a
number of grains including (Y).
X = intact storage protein Y = wheat, barley, rye
T/F: GF Diet is essentially always nutritionally
sufficient for all micro- and macronutrients.
False
T/F: Inclusion of oats in GF diet is controversial.
True
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) was an efficacy trial of (X) effect on diabetes prevention in (Y) population.
X = intense lifestyle modification Y = pre-diabetic
Symptoms of “Gluten sensitivity” may in fact be due to (X), from the CHOs of wheat, not gluten.
X = fructan (oligosaccharide)
The (X) diet in 3-diet study had no calorie restriction.
X = low CHO
Main things to limit via Mediterranean diet
- Meat/poultry
- Dairy
- Refined grains/sweets
In the 3-diet study, which two had the best, nearly identical, outcomes?
Mediterranean and low-CHO
In 3-diet study, which diet had the greatest percent fat intake?
Low-CHO (39%)
Paleo diet cuts out healthy sources of:
- Fiber via whole grains
- Calcium via dairy
- Protein via legumes
In 3-diet study, which diet had best fasting glucose among diabetics?
Mediterranean
In 3-diet study, which diet improved LDL levels? And HDL?
None;
All improved HDL levels
