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B1 Foundation Block > 0516 - Antibiotics - EG > Flashcards

0516 - Antibiotics - EG Flashcards

1
Q

What is an antimicrobial?

A

a chemical that inhibits the growth of or kills microorganisms

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2
Q

What is an antiseptic?

A

antimicrobial applied to skin

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3
Q

What is a disinfectant?

A

antimicrobial applied to objects.

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4
Q

What is a bactericidal agent?

A

one that kills bacteria

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5
Q

What is a bacteriostatic?

A

one that inhibits the growth of bacteria

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6
Q

What is the treatment plan in selecting an antibiotic for a patient?

A
  1. Empirical treatment - choice antibiotic based on the most likely bacterial cause of the infection and the most effective antibiotic based on known sensitivity data.2. Directed treatment - choice of antibiotic based on the results of the culture to antibiotic sensitivity tests.
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7
Q

What are the main gram negative bacilli that cause disease?

A

Enterobacteriaceae family (E. coli)Pseudomonas aeruginosaHaemophilus influenzae

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8
Q

What are the main gram positive cocci that cause disease?

A

Staphylococcus sp, streptococcus sp, enterococcus sp.

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9
Q

What is the main antibacterial against strict anaerobes.

A

metronidazole

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10
Q

What are some atypical bacterial species that cause infection

A

Mycoplasma, mycobacterium, listeria, syphilis

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11
Q

What are the main bacterial cell functions that antibiotics target?

A

cell wall synthesisprotein synthesisDNA synthesisRNA synthesisfolic acid synthesis

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12
Q

What type of antibiotics are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis?

A

beta lactam antibioticsglycopeptides

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13
Q

How to beta lactam antibiotics function?

A

prevent peptide bridges between adjacent peptidoglycan strands by inhibiting transpeptidase activity on the penicillin binding site.

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14
Q

What are some examples of beta lactam antibiotics?

A

Penicillin, cephalosporin, flucloxacillin, amoxicillin

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15
Q

What is penicillinase?

A

An enzyme produced by bacteria that breaks down penicillin

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16
Q

What are cephalosporins?

A

broad spectrum antibiotics produced by the fungus Cephalosporium, often given to patients with penicillin allergies (~10% cross reactivity)

17
Q

What are the two main bacterial species that cephalosporins (all generations) do not act against?

A

listeria and enterococcus

18
Q

What was the main development with the progression from first to fourth generation cephalosporins?

A

More cover against gram negative bacteria

19
Q

What generation of cephalosporins are effective against pseudomonas a.?

A

fourth

20
Q

Listeria is sensitive to?

A

penicillin

21
Q

What is the main antibiotic used against staph infections?

A

flucloxacillin

22
Q

What is one of the benefits of amoxicillin to penicillin?

A

Amoxicillin is better absorbed and more affective against gram negatives.

23
Q

What are the two glycopeptide antibiotics? What type of gram are they effective against? What is the main use?

A

vancomycin and teichoplaninonly effective against gram positive, Vancomycin used against MRSA

24
Q

How do antibiotics affect protein synthesis within bacteria?

A

by inhibiting function of the 30S or 50S ribosome

25
Q

What are aminoglycosides used to treat?What is the main antibiotic of this type?What toxicity can they cause?

A

Broad spectrum gram negative bacteriaGentamycinototoxicity - leading to deafness or loss of vestibular functionNephrotoxicity 9often reversibly)

26
Q

What type of bacteria are macrolides used to treat?

A

Gram positive bacteria

27
Q

Name some macrolide antibiotics.

A

erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin (chlamydia)

28
Q

What is a ADME benefit of macrolides and similarly tetracyclines and quinolones?

A

good oral bioavailability

29
Q

What is the choice of treatment against mycoplasma and chlamydia, and as a prophylaxis to malaria?

A

tetracycline, doxycycline

30
Q

What are some antibiotics that inhibit DNA synthesis? How do they function?

A

Ciprofloxacin (inhibited in Australia) and norfloxacinBy inhibiting DNA gyrase, causing stress on DNA in replication and thereby inhibiting replication.

31
Q

What Gram type do quinolones cover?

A

negative

32
Q

What can be used to treat Pseudomonus?

A

gentamycin and quinolones

33
Q

What type of class is a broad spectrum against anaerobic bacteria?

A

Nitroimidazoles

34
Q

What class of anitbiotic can be used to treat against trichomonas giardia, entamoebab histolytica

A

Nitroimidazoles

35
Q

List antibiotic drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis

A

Trimethoprim, bactrim

36
Q

What is an adverse effect of folic acid inhibiting antibiotics

A

anaemia

37
Q

What is the main type of infection that trimethoprim is used to treat?

A

Urinary tract infections

38
Q

How do some bacteria escape antibacterial drugs?

A

increased elimination via efflux pumps,drug inactivating enzymesdecreased uptakeby altering drug moiety

B1 Foundation Block (112 decks)

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