0516 - Antibiotics - EG

Question 1

What is an antimicrobial?

Answer 1

a chemical that inhibits the growth of or kills microorganisms

Question 2

What is an antiseptic?

Answer 2

antimicrobial applied to skin

Question 3

What is a disinfectant?

Answer 3

antimicrobial applied to objects.

Question 4

What is a bactericidal agent?

Answer 4

one that kills bacteria

Question 5

What is a bacteriostatic?

Answer 5

one that inhibits the growth of bacteria

Question 6

What is the treatment plan in selecting an antibiotic for a patient?

Answer 6

1. Empirical treatment - choice antibiotic based on the most likely bacterial cause of the infection and the most effective antibiotic based on known sensitivity data.2. Directed treatment - choice of antibiotic based on the results of the culture to antibiotic sensitivity tests.

Question 7

What are the main gram negative bacilli that cause disease?

Answer 7

Enterobacteriaceae family (E. coli)Pseudomonas aeruginosaHaemophilus influenzae

Question 8

What are the main gram positive cocci that cause disease?

Answer 8

Staphylococcus sp, streptococcus sp, enterococcus sp.

Question 9

What is the main antibacterial against strict anaerobes.

Answer 9

metronidazole

Question 10

What are some atypical bacterial species that cause infection

Answer 10

Mycoplasma, mycobacterium, listeria, syphilis

Question 11

What are the main bacterial cell functions that antibiotics target?

Answer 11

cell wall synthesisprotein synthesisDNA synthesisRNA synthesisfolic acid synthesis

Question 12

What type of antibiotics are inhibitors of cell wall synthesis?

Answer 12

beta lactam antibioticsglycopeptides

Question 13

How to beta lactam antibiotics function?

Answer 13

prevent peptide bridges between adjacent peptidoglycan strands by inhibiting transpeptidase activity on the penicillin binding site.

Question 14

What are some examples of beta lactam antibiotics?

Answer 14

Penicillin, cephalosporin, flucloxacillin, amoxicillin

Question 15

What is penicillinase?

Answer 15

An enzyme produced by bacteria that breaks down penicillin

Question 16

What are cephalosporins?

Answer 16

broad spectrum antibiotics produced by the fungus Cephalosporium, often given to patients with penicillin allergies (~10% cross reactivity)

Question 17

What are the two main bacterial species that cephalosporins (all generations) do not act against?

Answer 17

listeria and enterococcus

Question 18

What was the main development with the progression from first to fourth generation cephalosporins?

Answer 18

More cover against gram negative bacteria

Question 19

What generation of cephalosporins are effective against pseudomonas a.?

Answer 19

fourth

Question 20

Listeria is sensitive to?

Answer 20

penicillin

Question 21

What is the main antibiotic used against staph infections?

Answer 21

flucloxacillin

Question 22

What is one of the benefits of amoxicillin to penicillin?

Answer 22

Amoxicillin is better absorbed and more affective against gram negatives.

Question 23

What are the two glycopeptide antibiotics? What type of gram are they effective against? What is the main use?

Answer 23

vancomycin and teichoplaninonly effective against gram positive, Vancomycin used against MRSA

Question 24

How do antibiotics affect protein synthesis within bacteria?

Answer 24

by inhibiting function of the 30S or 50S ribosome

Question 25

What are aminoglycosides used to treat?What is the main antibiotic of this type?What toxicity can they cause?

Answer 25

Broad spectrum gram negative bacteriaGentamycinototoxicity - leading to deafness or loss of vestibular functionNephrotoxicity 9often reversibly)

Question 26

What type of bacteria are macrolides used to treat?

Answer 26

Gram positive bacteria

Question 27

Name some macrolide antibiotics.

Answer 27

erythromycin, clarithromycin, azithromycin (chlamydia)

Question 28

What is a ADME benefit of macrolides and similarly tetracyclines and quinolones?

Answer 28

good oral bioavailability

Question 29

What is the choice of treatment against mycoplasma and chlamydia, and as a prophylaxis to malaria?

Answer 29

tetracycline, doxycycline

Question 30

What are some antibiotics that inhibit DNA synthesis? How do they function?

Answer 30

Ciprofloxacin (inhibited in Australia) and norfloxacinBy inhibiting DNA gyrase, causing stress on DNA in replication and thereby inhibiting replication.

Question 31

What Gram type do quinolones cover?

Answer 31

negative

Question 32

What can be used to treat Pseudomonus?

Answer 32

gentamycin and quinolones

Question 33

What type of class is a broad spectrum against anaerobic bacteria?

Answer 33

Nitroimidazoles

Question 34

What class of anitbiotic can be used to treat against trichomonas giardia, entamoebab histolytica

Answer 34

Nitroimidazoles

Question 35

List antibiotic drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis

Answer 35

Trimethoprim, bactrim

Question 36

What is an adverse effect of folic acid inhibiting antibiotics

Answer 36

anaemia

Question 37

What is the main type of infection that trimethoprim is used to treat?

Answer 37

Urinary tract infections

Question 38

How do some bacteria escape antibacterial drugs?

Answer 38

increased elimination via efflux pumps,drug inactivating enzymesdecreased uptakeby altering drug moiety