0211 - Intro to Biochemistry - RM Flashcards

1
Q

Biochemical Triad

A

Molecules - active participantsActions - metabolism - change of one substance to anotherControllers - regulators - commonly genes and enzymes.

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2
Q

Biochemical Process (repeats for each aspect)

A

Stimulus (e.g. food intake) activates a Signal (e.g. increased blood glucose), which, through a signalling pathway generates a Response (insulin production) to address the original stimulus while generatingFeedback (excess insulin, limit production) (commonly negative to the signalling pathway) to regulate the process.

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3
Q

What are the Nucleic Acids

A

Nucleotide bases (C, G, A, T(U)) that have polymerised into either DNA or RNA, and wrapped around a histone to coil into chromosomes.

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4
Q

What are Proteins

A

Polymers of amino acids. Their functions include transport, catalysing reactions (as enzymes), providing structure, and signalling.Key Point - Protein structures are very tailored to their specific function.

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5
Q

Four levels of Protein Organisation

A

Primary (basic amino acid sequence)Secondary (basic single helix form)Tertiary (more complex single helix, wrapped around itself)Quartenerary (Multiple tertiary structures wrapped around each other)

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6
Q

Classes of Fats

A

Fatty Acids (long chain), or cholesterol (rings)Can be either sourced from diet or synthesised.

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7
Q

Uses of Fats

A

Primarily used for energy provision, but also play important roles in cellular structure (membrane) and signalling.No upper limit of fat storage in the body.

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8
Q

Vitamins and Minerals

A

Can be either water soluble or lipid soluble.Primarily function as enzyme co-factors, but also regulate metabolism, and influence tissue growth and differentiation.

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9
Q

Role of Carbohydrates

A

Primarily cellular energy provision, but also aid in structure, cell recognition, signalling, and biological precursors.

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10
Q

General Formula of Carbohydrates

A

(CH2O)n (also CnH2nOn)

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11
Q

Storage of Carbohydrates

A

Most commonly glycogen in the liver and muscles.

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12
Q

What is metabolism

A

A series of chemical reactions that cover both the storage/synthesis and use of energy to allow us to do everything we do.Ultimately - the burning of sugars, fats, and proteins to either make energy, or bigger molecules.

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13
Q

Factors Required for Metabolism

A

Enzymes - catalysts and co-factorsCompartments - group molecules together to prevent undesired reactionsPathways - can be linear or cyclicalBranch Points - link to a different pathwayRegulation - Key to ensuring that futile cycles do not occur.

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14
Q

Importance of Acetyl-CoA

A

All complex and simple molecules can become Acetyl-CoA. At this point they can either be re-formed into any other bio molecule, or enter the TCA cycle for ATP production.

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15
Q

What co-factors will always be present when a dehydrogenase enzyme is used

A

Either an FAD, an NAD, or an NADP - these serve as the recipients for the H- electron the hydrogenase spins off, and are thus reduced.

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