熟词僻义 Flashcards
absorb
absorb /Eb5sR:b/ v [T] 忍耐；忍受：absorb the additional hardships（忍受额外的困苦）During the same period, families have been asked to absorb much more risk in their retirement income. [2007 Text 3]（与此同时，家庭成员的退休收入也要承担更多风险。） 【常见义】v [T]吸收；吸进
act
act /Akt/ n [C] 行为；举动：This dreadful murder is surely the act of a madman. （这种令人惊骇的谋杀纯粹是疯子的行为。）This success, coupled with later research showing that memory itself is not genetically determined, led Ericsson to conclude that the act of memorizing is more of a cognitive exercise than an intuitive one. [2007 Text 1]（这次实验的成功，加上后来那些表明记 忆力不是由遗传决定的实验，使埃里克森得出结论：记忆行为与其说是一种直觉活动，不如说是 一种认知活动。） Instead, the studies ended up giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influential idea that the very act of being experimented upon changes subjects‟ behavior. [2010 Section I]（出人意料的是，人们最终以将这些研究的结果命名了为“霍桑效应”——一种 极具影响力的观点，认为仅仅成为实验对象这一举动就足以使受试者的行为发生改变。）Only a decade earlier, such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. [2008 Text 4]（而 仅仅在那之前的十年，这样的行为在弗吉尼亚还需要得到立法机构的批准。） n [C]（立法机构所立的）法案，法令：Parliament has passed an act which makes such sports illegal.（议会通过了一项法例，规定这些娱乐是非法的。） The only major objection came from Justice Antonin Scalia, who offered an even more robust defense of state privileges going back to the Alien and Sedition Acts. [2013 Text 4]（唯一主要的反对来自大法官安东宁·斯卡利 亚，他为州特权提供了更加强有力的辩护，这些州特权可回溯到《外国人与煽动叛乱法》这一法 案。） 【常见义】v [I, T]扮演 v [I]行动
address
address /E5dres/ v [T]（尤指正式地）向（某人或听众）讲话：The chairman will now address the meeting.（现在由主席向与会者讲话。 ） Depending on whom you are addressing, the
problems will be different. [2002 Text 1（] 因此，谈话对象不同，所谈的问题也不同。）v [T] 提
出；提交（口头或书面的报告）以引起„„的注意：address a protest to the faculty senate（向校评议会提交抗议书） Regrettably, however, the report‟s failure to address the true nature of the crisis facing liberal education may cause more harm than good. [2014 Text 4] （然而，令人遗憾的是，该报告未能指出文科教育面临的危机的实质，故其带来的弊大于利。）v [T] 应对；处理： Governments have been slow to address the problem of global warming.（政府在应对全球变暖问题上动作迟缓。 ） Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are comprehensive programs that address the many needs of the homeless. [2006 Section I]（《波士顿环球报》的记者克里斯·里迪指出， 只 有通过综合规划来满足无家可归者的各种需求，情况才能够得到改善。） 【常见义】n [C]住址；地址
agent
agent /5eIdVEnt/ n [C] 原动力；动因： Technological advances are the chief agents; of change.
（技 术进步是变革的主要推动力。） Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent; of evolution has gone. [2000 Passage 2]（由于大部分的变异是由基因引起的，所以又一个影响进 化的因素消失了。） 【常见义】n [C]代理人，经纪人
air
air /eE/ n [C] 气质，风度：smile with a triumphant ai（r 带著胜利神情的微笑）Even Tommasini,
who had advocated Gilbert‟s appointment in the Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.” [2011 Text 1] （甚至在《纽约时报》上发表文章 支持任命吉尔伯特的托马西尼，都称其为“一位谦逊的音乐家， 在他身上没有指挥家那种 令人望而生畏的神态”。 ） 【常见义】n [U]空气
anchor
anchor / 5ANkE(r) / n [C] 主持人；主播： He signed off after nineteen years as CBS news anchor.（在 做了 19 年哥伦比亚广播公司新闻节目主持人后，他辞职不干了。） Fast-food
eaters, news anchors, text messengers, all smiling, smiling, smiling. [2006 Text 4（]
快餐食客们、
新闻主播们 以及发送短信息者，都在微笑，微笑，微笑。） 【常见义】n [C]锚
answer
answer /5B:nsE(r)/ n [sing] （地位、作用等方面的）对应物；相当的人： The press called her Britain‟s answer to Marilyn Monroe.（新闻界称她为英国的玛丽莲·梦露。） [2013 Text 1] Overdressed is the fashion world‟s answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan‟s The Omnivore’s Dilemma. [2013 Text 1] 迈克尔·波伦的《杂食者的困境》一书是维护消费者权益的畅销书， 而《过度时装消费》则相当于时尚界的《杂食者的困境》。 【常见义】n [C]回答 v [I, T] 回答
appeal
appeal /E5pi:l/ v [I]（对某人）有吸引力；（使某人）感兴趣：The idea of camping has never appealed to me. （对露营这种想法我从来就不感兴趣。） If the study of law is beginning to establish itself as part and parcel of a general education, its aims and methods should appeal directly to journalism educators. [2007 Part C]（如果有关法律的研习正开始成为普通教育的重要组成部分， 那么它的目的和方法应该会即刻吸引新闻学教育者。） 【常见义】v [I]
（向上级法院）上诉
appetite
appetite /5ApItaIt/ n [C, U] 欲求： an insatiable appetite for books（对书籍永不满足的欲望 ） Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. [2009 Part C] （比如，宗教团体的成立是为了保卫统治阶层的利益和抵御邪恶势力；家庭生活的建立是为 了满足身体的欲望和维系家族长久；有组织的劳动的兴起很大程度上是因为奴隶制度的产生， 等等。） 【常见义】 n [U]胃口；食欲
approach
approach /E5prEUtF/ v [T] 处理；对付：Governments tend to approach the issue from different angles.（政 府倾向于从多个角度处理这个问题。 ）Researchers in the late 1960s discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways: analytically, procedurally, relationally （or collaboratively） and innovatively. [2009 Text 1]（20 世纪 60 年代末，研究人 员发现人类生来具有四种主要的应对挑战的方法：分析的方法、程式化的方法、相关联的方 法（也称协作性方法）和创新性的方法。） The way consumers now approach the process of making purchase decisions means that marketing‟s impact stems from a broad range of factors beyond conventional paid media. [2011 Text 3]（如今消费者对于做出购买决定这一过程的处理 方式，意味着市场营销的影响力来自于传统付费媒介以外的广泛因素。） 【常见义】n [C]道路；方法
argue
argue /5B:gju/ v [I, T] 坚持，主张：The speaker argued that more immigrants should be admitted to the country.（讲演者举出理由证明应该允许更多的移民入境。） If railroads charged all customers the same average rate, they argue, shippers who have the option of switching to trucks or other forms of transportation would do so, leaving remaining customers to shoulder the cost
of keeping up the line. [2003 Text 3]（他们认为，如果铁路公司对所有客户平均收费，那些可以选择货 运汽车或其他运输方式的客户就会另作选择，从而使剩下的客户承担铁路的运营费用。）Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn’t know for sure? [2005 Text 1]（还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡，而怀 疑者们却坚持认为我们对此尚不能确定的那些年吗？） 【常见义】v [I, T]争论；争吵
arm
arm /B:m / v [T] 提供（设备， 信息等）；配备：I‟ll need to arm myself with all the facts before meeting them formally.（在与他们正式见面前，我需要了解所有的事实。）Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand for their line of work or gather information on compensation to arm themselves when negotiating for a raise. [2004 Text1]（有的人用它来密切关注对于本行业 的市场需求或搜集有关薪水的信息以备加薪谈判时胸有成竹。） 【常见义】 n [C] 手臂arm
assume
assume /E5sju:m/ v [T] 呈现；具有（特定的性质、外表或程度）：Militant activity had assumed epidemic proportions.（军事活动呈蔓延之势。） In them we can see biophilia—a yearning for contact with nonhuman life—assuming uncanny representational forms. [2013 Part C]（从中， 我 们可以看到人类亲近大自然的天性（对接触非人类生命的渴望）呈现出一种奇特的表现形式。） 【常见义】v [T]假定，认为assume
attack
attack /E5tAk/ n [C，U] 抨击；非难： an attack; on the government‟s policies（对政府政策的抨击）The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. [2000 Passage 5（]
对野心的抨击比比皆 是，并且角度各不相同；公开为雄心辩解的人则寥寥无几，虽然他们不至于毫无吸引力，但 却无法给人留下深刻印象。） 【常见义】v [I, T]进攻；攻击
bar
bar /bB: / n [S] 法律专业（人士），法律界： Another is to let students sit for the bar after only two years of law school. [2014 Text 2]（另一种提议是主张学生在法学院学习两年后就进行司 法考试。） 【常见义】n [C]棍，棒；酒吧
bear
bear /beE(r)/ v [T] 承担；担负： the expert‟s fee shall be borne by the tenant（专家费要由承租 人 负 担 ） Both the absolute cost of healthcare and the share of it borne by families have risen—and newly fashionable health-savings plans are spreading from legislative halls to Wal-Mart workers, with much higher deductibles and a large new dose of investment risk for
families‟ future healthcare. [2007 Text 3]（医疗保健的绝对支出和家庭所承担的份额都提高了，最近流行的健 康储蓄计划正从立法机构延伸到沃尔玛员工中，该计划增加了医疗保险扣减额，也增加了家 庭未来医疗保健方面的投资风险。） 【常见义】n [C]熊
bill
bill /bIl/ n [C] （提交议会讨论的）法案： propose a bill（提出一项议案） In a significant tightening of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a draft bill; that will propose making payments to witnesses illegal and will strictly control the amount of publicity that can be given to a case before a trial begins. [2001 Section II]（为了大力加强对报界 的法律控制，大法官欧文勋爵将提交一份草案，提出向证人付费将被视为非
法，并且严格控 制开庭前对案情的公开程度。） 【常见义】n [C]账单
board
board /bR:d/ n [C] 委员会；理事会；董事会： He sits on the company‟s management board.
（他 是公司的管理委员。）He says medical licensing boards “must make it clear… that painful deaths are presumptively ones that are incompetently managed and should result in license suspension.” [2002 Text 4]（他说，行医执照颁发委员会“必须明确表明„„病人痛苦的死亡可以推定为由 于医生治疗不力造成的，应该吊销其行医执照。” ） 【常见义】n [C]木板
book
book /bUk/ v [T] 记载； 把„„记录在册： book the loss（记录损失） And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains. [2010 Text 4]（另外，缺少活力的市场在一定程度上反映银 行系统的瘫痪，为避免账面损失，他们不愿意出售资产，也不愿意收购那些所谓的廉价资产。 ） 【常见义】n [C]书；书籍
branch
branch /brB:ntF/ n [C]（知识的）分科；（语言的）分系：Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. [2003 Part B] （社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，它力图像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性、有序、 系统和冷静的方式去研究人类及其活动。）Being learned in some branch of human knowledge is one thing; living in “public and illustrious thoughts,” as
Emersion would say, is something else. [2006 Part C]（精通人类知识的某个分支是一回事； 而生活在如爱默生所说的“公众、卓越的思 考”之中，又是另外一回事。） 【常见义】n [C] 树枝
buy
buy /baI/ v [T]认为合乎情理而接受（某事物）；相信：No one will buy that excuse.（谁也 不会相信那个借口。） Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves. [2005 Text 2]（许多美国人接受了这些无稽之谈，结果在 过去的三十多年里，差不多有一千万烟民早早地进了坟墓。 ） 【常见义】v [T]购买； 采购
canned
canned /kAnd/ adj （音乐、笑声或掌声）预先录好的： Is there any canned laughter in the TV programme?（在此电视剧中有预先录制的笑声吗？） And hours of watching TV shows with canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. [2007 Part B]（长时间 观看带有录制好笑声的电视节目只能让孩子被动地处理信息。） 【常见义】adj 罐装的
capacity
capacity /kE5pAsEti/ n [C, U] 能力；才能：a child‟s capacity for learning（孩子的学习能力） “Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men‟s,” she observes, “it‟s just that they‟re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and sooner.” [2008 Text 1]（她指出：“她们承受压力的能力甚至可能比男性更强，只是她们要处理的事情 更多，因此她们的疲态出现得更早、更明显。”） 【常见义】n [U]容量
carry
carry /5kAri/ v [T] 备有（货物）供销售： The sports shop carries a full range of equipments.
（这 个体育用品商店有各类商品出售。） And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult. [2010 Text 4]（除非银行出售的有毒资产在 价格上足够吸引买家，否则银行系统的复兴将十分艰难。） 【常见义】v [T]携带；搬运
case
case /keIs/ n（语法） 格（ 语言中用来表示形容词、名词、代词与另一词关系的形式）： possessive case（所有格） Mr. McWhorter‟s academic speciality is language history and change, and he sees the gradual disappearance of “whom”, for example, to be natural and no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. [2005 Text 4]（麦克沃特先生的专业是语言史与语言演 变，他认为诸如“whom”这一类词的逐渐消失是自然的，与古英语中词格尾缀的消失一样没 什么可惋惜的。） 【常见义】n [C] 事例；实例
catch
catch /kAtF/ n [U] 所捕获的某事物（的量）：a huge catch of fish（大量捕获的鱼）That means a higher proportion of what is in the sea is being caught, so the real difference between present and past is likely to be worse than the one recorded by changes in catch sizes. [2006 Text 3]（这表 明更高比例的生物正在被捕捞，因此现在与过去的真正差异可能比记录的捕捞量变化所体现 的差异更大。 ） 【常见义】v [T]抓住；接住
celebrate
celebrate /5selIbreIt/ v [T] 歌颂，赞扬：a sonnet that celebrates love（歌颂爱情的十四行诗） In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you regret
having children is equivalent to admitting you support kitten-killing? [2011 Text 4（]
在一个一直
歌颂生 育的社会中， 承认后悔生育孩子就相当于承认自己支持残杀幼猫，这有什么奇怪的吗？） 【常见义】v [T]庆祝celebrate
cement
cement /sI5ment/ v [T] 加强；巩固： cement a friendship（加强友谊） They could cement the status quo of peer-reviewed research. [2014 Text 3]（它们可能会使同行评审研究的现状停滞不前。） 【常见义】n [U]水泥
chair
chair /tFeE(r)/ v [T] 主持；监管： Would you like to chair tomorrow‟s meeting?（你愿意主持明天 的会议吗？） Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O‟Connor is in her 70s, and former surgeon general C. Everett Koop chairs an Internet start-up in his 80s. [2003 Text 4]（最高法院法官桑德 拉·戴·欧康奈现在已经 70 多岁了，而前卫生局局长 C. 埃弗雷特·库伯 80 多岁时还担任一家新兴互联网公司的负责人。） 【常见义】n [C]椅子
challenge
challenge /5tFAlIndV/ v [T] 质疑：This new discovery challenges traditional beliefs. （这项新的发现对传 统观念提出了异议。） We reason together, challenge, revise, and complete each other‟s reasoning and each other‟s conceptions of reason. [2012 Text 3]（我们一起思考，一起怀疑、修正和完善 彼此的推理过程，以及彼此对理性的理解。）n [C]质问；怀疑：a serious challenge to the Prime Minister’s authority（ 对首相的权 威性郑重提出的异议） Not surprisingly, newly published discovery claims and credible discoveries that appear to be important and convincing will always be open to challenge and potential modification or refutation by future researchers. [2012 Text 3]（新发表的看似至关重要 且有说服力的发现声明和可靠发现总是会受到质疑，并且可能会被后来的研究者修改或者反 驳，这不足为奇。）
【常见义】v [T]挑战 n [C] 挑战
check
check /tFek/ v [T] 阻碍；制止：check an impulse to laugh（抑止住想要笑的冲动） The police are failing to take adequate measures to check the growth in crime. [2000 Passage 5]（警方未能采 取适当的措施来阻止犯罪率上升。） 【常见义】v [T]检查
clash
clash /klAF/ n [C] 冲突；争论： The plans put oil companies in a head-on clash; with environmentalists. （这些计划使石油公司和环境保护主义者发生了正面冲突。） The astonishing distrust of the news media isn‟t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash; of world views between reporters and their readers. [2001 Passage 3]（对新闻媒体出奇的不信任并不是源于报道失实或报道水平欠佳，而是源于记者和读者每天都发生着的世 界观的冲突。 ） 【常见义】n [C]碰撞声；撞击声
class
class /klB:s/ v [T] 把„„分类；将„„归类： Heroin and cocaine are classed as hard drugs.（海 洛因和可卡因归入硬毒品一类。） With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature. [2000 Passage 3]（然而，对于未来主义诗 歌而言，情况却很难说。因为无论未来主义诗歌什么样，即使承认其理论依据可能是正确的， 也很难将其归类于文学。 ） n [C] 种类： a rare class of butterflies（一类稀有的蝴蝶） It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.” [2010 Text 2]（它“有可能导致一整类商业方法专利被撤 销”。） 【常见义】n [C]阶级；班级；课
cloak
cloak /klEUk/ v [T] 隐藏； 覆盖； 掩饰： She cloaked her embarrassment by rushing into speech. （她急忙开口说话， 以掩饰自己的尴尬。） Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” [2011 Text 2]（他没有用一些常见的模棱两可的借口掩饰自己的离开， 反而坦言离职是为了 “追求自己经营一家公司的目标”。） 【常见义】n [C]斗篷；披风
cloud
cloud /klaUd/ v [T] 毁坏（某事物）； 威胁： I hope this disagreement won‟t cloud our friendship. （我希望这一分歧不会影响我们的友谊。） A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague pronouncements cloud their reputations. [2011 Text 2]（同时， 动荡的商业环境也使得高级经理人格外小心，避免让模糊不清的表态给自己的名誉蒙上阴 影。） 【常见义】n [C, U]云
code
code /kEUd/ n [C] 行为准则；行为规范： The profession has a strict code of practice.（这一行有严格的行业守则。） The profession is taking steps to require young doctors to train in hospices, to test knowledge of aggressive pain management therapies, to develop a Medicare billing code for hospital-based care, and to develop new standards for assessing and treating pain at the end of life. [2002 Text 4]（医学界正采取措施让年轻的医生在晚期病人疗养所接受培
训，检验各种 大胆的镇痛疗法方面的知识，为医院所提供的临终关怀制定医疗收费标准，
同时也为评估和 处理病人弥留之际的病痛建立新的标准。） Part of the problem is that the justices are not bound by an ethics code. [2012 Section I]（部分原因在于法官并不为道德规范所约束。） 【常见义】n [C, U]密码；代码
comb
comb /kEUm/ v [T] 细查；搜寻： Police combed the area for the murder weapon.（警察在这个地 区仔细搜索凶器。）In the late 1800s British archaeologist Sir Arthur Evans combed antique dealers‟stores in Athens, Greece. 19[2014 Part B]（世纪末期，英国考古学家亚瑟·埃文斯爵士逐一搜寻了希腊雅典的古玩店。） 【常见义】n [C]梳子
community
community /kE5mju:nEtI/ n [CGp（]
由同宗教、同种族、同职业或其他共同特征的人组成的）
团体； 界：The police haven‟t really done anything for the black community in particular. （警方并没 有特别为黑人团体做什么。） On another level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. [2002 Text 4]（另一方面，许多医学界的人承认，协助病人自杀的争论之所以升温，部分原因是病人的绝望情绪。对他们来说，现代医 学只是延长了他们弥留之际肉体上的苦痛。） n [C] （生态）群落： communities of insectivorous birds（食虫鸟类群落）Yet these creatures are members of the biotic community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance. [2010 Part C]（然而，这些生物却是生物群落的成员，如果生物 群落的稳定性取决于其完整性，那么这些生物就有权继续生存下去。） 【常见义】n [C] 社会；社区
company
company /5kQmpEnI/ n [U] 陪伴：I enjoy his company.（我喜欢和他在一起。）As was discussed before, it was not until the 19th century that the newspaper became the dominant pre-electronic medium, following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book and in the company of the periodical. [2002 Section II]（正如前面所讲的，直到 19 世纪，报纸才继小册子和图书之后，与期刊一起，成 为电子时代到来之前的最重要的传播媒介。） 【常见义】n [C]
公司；商行
conceive
conceive /kEn5si:v/ v [I, T] 怀孕；受孕：She was told she couldn’t conceive. （她得知自己不能怀孕。）Soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime, at the annual peak of soccer mania. [2007 Text 1]（酷爱足球运动的父母更有可能在春季怀孕，因为那是一年中足球狂 热的巅峰季节。） 【常见义】v [I, T]构思；想象
constituent
constitutes /5kCnstItju:t/ v [T] 是；被算作：The rise in crime constitutes a threat to society.（犯罪率上升 是对社会的威胁。） A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also
a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. [2001 Passage 1（]
只要比
较一下过去 的一个半世纪里的英国地质学刊物就会发现，不仅仅是研究的首要地位越来越受到强调，而 且学术文章的发表标准也在发生改变。） 【常见义】 v [T]组成；构成
contend
contend /kEn5tend/ v [T] 主张（某事物）； 争辩； 认为，声称： I would contend that unemployment is our most serious social evil.（我认为失业是我们社会最为严重的弊病 。 ） Nancy Dubler, director of Montefiore Medical Center, contends that the principle will shield doctors who “until now have very, very strongly insisted that they could not give patients sufficient medication to control their pain if that might hasten death.” [2002 Text 4]（蒙特非奥尔医疗中心主任南希·道布 勒认为，这一原则将庇护那些医生——他们“直到现在还坚定地认为，如果加大剂量可能会 加速病人死亡，他们总不能给病人足够的药物来控制他们的痛 苦 。 ”） It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the town‟s revenue because they spend the night（some of them four or five nights）pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. [2006 Text 2]（皇家莎士 比亚剧团声称，看戏的人为小镇带来了大量的收入， 因为他们在此过夜（有些甚至住四到五 个夜晚），把大把大把的钱花在酒店以及饭店中。 ） But in her new book Join the Club, Tina Rosenberg contends that peer pressure can also be a positive force through what she calls the social cure, in which organizations and officials
use the power of group dynamics to help individuals improve their lives and possibly the world.
[2012 Text 1（] 但是蒂娜•罗森堡在其新书《加入俱乐部》中主张，通过她所说的社会治疗，
朋辈压力也可以成为一种积极的力量。在 社会治疗的过程中，各机构及官员运用群体动力来帮助个人改善生活，并有可能改变世界。） 【常见义】v [I, T]争斗；竞争
coarse
course /kR:s/ n [S]（时间的）进程，过程：In the course of my long life I’ve known many changes.（我 在漫长的一生中饱经沧桑。）Visualize how you would like it to end instead; the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course. [2005 Text 3]（并设想你期望的另一种结 局；下次再做类似的梦的时候，努力及时醒来以控制梦的进程。）His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a manner as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision. [2006 Part C]（他的职责与法官相似，必 须承担这样的责任：用尽可能明了的方式来展现引导自己作出决定的推理过程。）n [C]（船只或飞行器的）航向，航线：The course of the ship was due north.（这条船的航行方向是正北。） Sometimes storms blew the vessels far off their course, and often calm brought unbearably long delay. [2015 Part C] （有时候风暴使船只严重偏离航线，而风平浪静 又常常使他们陷入漫长得难以忍受的淹留之中。） 【常见义】n [C] 课程
cover
cover /5kQvE(r)/ v [T] （新闻记者）报道： The BBC will cover all the major games of the
tournament（. 英国广播公司将报道这次锦标赛的所有重要赛事。）In those far-off days, it was
taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. [2010 Text 1]（在那段遥远的岁月里，人们认为各大报纸的评论家应当对他们所报 道的事件予以详尽全面的描述。） 【常见义】v [T]覆盖；遮盖
coverage
coverage /5kQvErIdV/ n [C, U] 新闻报道： media / newspaper / press coverage（媒体 / 报纸 / 报刊的报 道）Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage. [2010 Text 1]（在过去的 25 年中，英文报纸发生的影响最为 深远的变化可能就是艺术报道的范围势不可挡的缩减和其严肃性的下降。） 【常见义】n [U]范围
craft
craft /krB:ft/ v [T] 精心制作： He crafted the chair lovingly.（他精心制作了这把椅子。） To encourage innovation and competition, the report calls for increased investment in research, the crafting of coherent curricula that improve students‟ ability to solve problems and communicate effectively in the 21st century, increased funding for teachers and the encouragement of scholars to bring their learning to bear on the great challenges of the day. [2014 Text 4]（为了激励创新和 竞争，该报告呼吁增加科研投入，精心设计条理清晰的课程，以提高学生在 21 世纪解决问题的能力和有效沟通的能力，呼吁增加对教师的投入，鼓励学者应用他们的研究来应对如今 的巨大挑战。 ） 【常见义】n [C]手艺，工艺
critical
critical /5krItIkl/ adj 重要的；紧要的；关键性的： It is absolutely critical for us to know the truth. （我们知道真相是极其重要的。） “How Intelligent Is Intelligence Testing?”, Sternberg notes that traditional tests best assess analytical and verbal skills but fail to measure creativity and practical knowledge, components also critical to problem solving and life success. [2007
Text 2] （斯滕伯格在《智力测试有多准?》一文中指出，传统测试能够很好地评估分析能力和语言 能力，但无法衡量创造力和实践能力，而这些也是解决问题和获得成功的关键因素。） 【常见义】adj 批评的；非难的
criticism
criticism /5krItIsIzEm/ n [C, U]（文学、艺术等的）评论：Literary and art criticism is a complex question which requires a great deal of special study.（文艺批评是一个复杂的问题，需要大量专门的研 究。）It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers. [2010 Text 1]（对于 40 岁以下的普通读者而言，他们难以想象一个可以在大多数大城市的报 纸上读到高质量的艺术评论的时代。 ） 【常见义】n [U]批评；指责
Crop
crop /krCp/ v [T] 收割；收获：the number of trout cropped each yea（r 每年鳟鱼的捕获量）That
matters because theory suggests that the maximum sustainable yield that can be cropped from a fishery comes when the biomass of a target species is about 50% of its original levels. [2006 Text 3]（而发现这些变化很重要，因为理论表明一个渔场只有在目标捕捞物种的生物量保持在原 始基数的 50%左右时，才能获得最大可持续捕捞量。） 【常见义】n [C]庄稼；农作物
cultivate
cultivate /5kQltIveIt/ v [T] 力求获得某人的友谊或支持：You must cultivate people who can help you in business.（你得结交在业务上对你有用的人。） They gave justices permanent positions so they would be free to upset those in power and have no need to cultivate political support. [2012 Section I]（法官被授予终身职位，这样他们可以无所顾虑地去触碰当权者， 同时无需寻求政 治支持。） 【常见义】v [T]培养；栽培
curb
curb /k:b/ n [C] 控制；约束： government curbs on spending（政府对开支的限制） Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the Federal Circuit itself that introduced such patents with its 1998 decision in the so-called State Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets. [2010 Text 2]（对商业方法专利申请的控制将是联邦巡回法院[对该类专利]态度的彻底转变，因为正是联邦巡回法院自身
在 1998 年所谓“道富银行案”的裁决中引入了这类专利，当时法院批准对某种共同投资资
产的管理方 法授予专利。 ）Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environment—including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line—Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. [2013 Text 1]（尽管有些快速时装 消费品公司已经在为抑制对劳动力和环境的影响而努力，比如H&M 公司推出了“环保意识 时尚”系列，但克莱因认为，只有消费者才能带来持久的改变。）
【常见义】n [U]路缘
deliver
deliver /dI5lIvE(r)/ v [T] 发表（正式讲话）： He will deliver a lecture on endangered species.
（他将做 一个关于濒危物种的讲座。） Include a few casual and apparently off-the-cuff remarks which you can deliver in a relaxed and unforced manner. [2002 Text 1]（你可以轻松、自然地在谈话中 加进一些随意的、看似即兴的评论。 ） 【常见义】v [T]递送、传送（信件、包裹、货物等）
discipline
discipline /5dIsIplIn/ n [C] 学科；教学科目： When did sociology emerge as a distinct discipline? （社会 学是何时成为独立学科的？）Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis. [2003 Part C]（人类学是一门以实地研究为 导向的学科，它大量使用比较分析的方法。）The study of law has been recognized for centuries as a basic intellectual discipline in European universities. [2007 Part C] （几百年来， 法律研习在欧洲大学中一直被认为是一门基础的知识学科。） 【常见义】n [U] 纪律
dismiss
dismiss /dIs5mIs/ v [T] 拒绝考虑；否认： He just laughed and dismissed my proposal as unrealistic.（他只是笑了笑，认为我的建议不切实际，拒绝考虑。） Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit, we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits. [2009 Text 1]（我们不必把自己看作一成不变的习惯性生物，相反，我们可以通 过有意识地培养新习惯来主动地作出改变。） 【常见义】v [T]开除；解雇
dramatic
dramatic /drE5mAtIk/ adj 突然的；巨大的；令人吃惊的： The announcement had a dramatic effect on house prices.（这则公告对房屋价格产生了巨大影响。） The same dramatic technological changes that have provided marketers with more （ and more diverse） communications choices have also increased the risk that passionate consumers will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. [2011 Text 3]（同样剧烈的技术变革为营销人员提供了 更多的且不同的通讯选择，同时也增加了风险，因为情绪激动的消费者会以更快、 更明显 和更具破坏性的方式表达他们的意见。） 【常见义】adj 戏剧的
dumb
dumb /dQm/ adj 愚蠢的：a dumb decision（愚蠢的决定）It‟s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want children just because Reese and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. [2011 Text 4]（很难想象，很多人会愚蠢到仅仅因 为瑞茜和安吉丽娜使生育孩子看上去光鲜迷人就想要生孩子：多数成年人都明白， 养孩子可 不像剪头发那样简单。） 【常见义】adj 哑的
embrace
embrace /Im5breIs/ v [T] 欣然接受（或支持）（某种信仰、理论、改变等）：Most countries have enthusiastically embraced the concept of high-speed railroads.（许多国家都已经热情高涨地接 受了高速铁路这一概念。 ） Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them. [2010 Text 3]（营销人员支持“二级传播”理论，因为该理论表明只要他们能找到社 会中有影响力的人，并对其施加影响，那么这些挑选出来的人就可以为他们完成大部分的工 作。） 【常见义】v [T]拥抱
end
end /end/ n [C] 目的；目标： She‟ll do anything to achieve her own ends.（她会全力以赴实现自己的目标。 ） “Our main end was to catch fish.” “我们主要是来这里捕鱼的。” [2009 Text 4] 【常见义】n [C]结束；终端 v [T]结束；终止
exploit
exploit /Ik5splRIt/ v [T]（为获取利益而）利用：We need to exploit every opportunity for media coverage.（我们需要利用每一个媒体宣传的机会。）While traditional “paid” media—such as television commercials and print advertisements—still play a major role, companies today can exploit many alternative forms of media. [2011 Text 3]（虽然传统的“付费”媒介——比如电视广告和平面广 告——仍然扮演着重要的角色，但如今企业还可以利用许多其他形式的媒介。） 【常见义】v [T]剥削
fabricate
fabricate /5fAbrIkeIt/ v [T] 编造，虚构：fabricate an excuse（编造借口）The newly described languages were often so strikingly different from the well-studied languages of Europe and Southeast Asia that some scholars even accused Boas and Sapir of fabricating their data. [2004
Part B（]
这些新 近被描述的语言往往与已经得到充分研究的欧洲语言及东南亚语言极其不
同，以至于有些学 者甚至指责博厄斯和萨皮尔伪造资料。） 【常见义】v [T]制作；创造
fair
fair /feE/ n [C] 集市；庙会：Every autumn I go to the county fair.（每个秋季我都去县里的集市。）For example, a grandmotherly woman staffing an animal rights booth at a recent street fair was distributing a brochure that encouraged readers not to use anything that comes from or is tested in animal—no meat, no fur, no medicines. [2003 Text 2]（举例来说，在最近的一次街头集市上，一 位张罗了一个动物权利宣传摊的老太太在发小册子，鼓励人们不要使用来自动物或者在动物身上 做过实验的任何东西——不吃肉，不穿毛皮，也不吃药。） 【常见义】adj 公平的；公正的
fashion
fashion /5fAFn/ v [T] 改革；改变： fashion the social institutions of the old（改变旧的社会习俗 ）Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones. [2013 Text 4]（而亚利桑那州试图改变州政策，欲与已存在的联邦法令并驾齐驱。）v [T] 形成；设计或制作某物： He fashioned a box from a few old pieces of wood. （他用几块旧木头做了个盒子。） There is no doubt that gardens evidence an irrepressible urge to create, express, fashion, and beautify and that self-expression is a basic human urge. [2013 Part C]（毫无疑问， 花园证实了一种不可遏制的想要创作、表达、设计和美化的强烈愿望，并印 证了自我表达是人类的基本需求。）If the Administration won‟t take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures. [2005 Text 2]（如果政府没有率 先立法，国会就应当帮助制定相应的保护措施。 ） 【常见义】n [C, U]风尚，时尚
father
father /5fB:TE(r)/ v [T] 做„„的父亲；生养：He fathered three children（.
他有三个孩子。）They
have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered at least one child with his slave Sally Hemings. [2008 Text 4]（科 学家开始这方面的研究在一定程度上是由于在 1998 年获取的 DNA 证据，这些证据几乎毫 无疑问地表明托马斯•杰斐逊和自己的奴隶赛莉•海明斯至少生过一个孩子。）
【常见义】n [C]父亲
feature
feature /5fi:tFE(r)/ n [C] （尤指报刊、节目的长篇）特写，特别报道： a special feature on children‟s reference books（一篇关于儿童参考读物的专题文章）As a News Feature article in Nature discusses, a string of lucrative awards for researchers have joined the Nobel Prizes in recent years. [2014 Text 3]（据《自然》杂志的一篇新闻专题文章论述，近年来有一系列为研究人员设立 的巨额奖项加入到诺贝尔奖的行列。 ）v [T] 以„„为特色；是„„的特征：The latest model features alloy wheels and an electronic alarm.（最新款的特色是合金车轮和电子报警器。） Our magazines feature beaming celebrities and happy families in perfect homes. [2006 Text 4]（杂志上总是刊登着笑容满面的名 人们以及住在漂亮房子里幸福美满的家庭。）v [T] 特写；突出表现：This month‟s magazine features the new James Bond on the front
cover（. 本月杂志封面上有新的詹姆斯·邦德的特写。）Practically every week features at least
one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the newsstands. [2011 Text 4]（实际上，每周 杂志上都至少有一位面带笑容的明星妈妈或者准妈妈的特写。） 【常见义】n [C]特点，特征
feed
feed /fi:d/ v [T] 供给；供应：The public baths are fed by natural springs.（该公共浴池的水 来自天然泉水。）If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks, you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced. [2007 Text 1]（如果你再检查为世界杯和职业球队输送人才的欧洲国家青年队，你会发现这 个奇怪的现象更为明显。 ） 【常见义】v [T]喂养；饲养
fertile
fertile /5f:taIl/ ad（j 人、动植物）能受孕的；能生育的，有繁殖力的：Karen carefully calculated
the period when she was most fertile.（卡伦仔细地计算了自己的最佳受孕期。）There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. Few people are
as fertile as in the past. [2000 Passage 2（]
还有另一种方式扼杀了人类自身的进化：寿命延长，
但却少生孩 子。现在没有几个人像过去的人那样具有旺盛的生育能力了。） 【常见义】
adj（土壤、土地）肥沃的
fetch
fetch /fetF/ v [T] 售得；卖得：The land could fetch over a million pounds（.
这块地售价可超 过
100 万英镑。）These rules say they must value some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch. [2010 Text 4]（这些准则规定， 银行必须以第三方愿意支付的价格评估资产，而不应以价格管理者们和监管机构期望售出的 价格来评估资产。） 【常见义】v [T]接来；取来
field
field /fi:ld/ v [T] 回答： He fielded some awkward questions very skillfully.（他非常巧妙地回答了几个尴尬的问题。） So it is a bit confusing when vos Savant fields such queries from the average Joe (whose IQ is 100) as, what‟s the difference between love and fondness? Or what is the nature of luck and coincidence? [2007 Text 2]（因此，当莎凡回答智商为 100 的普通人提出的 诸如“爱与喜欢有何区别？”或“运气和巧合的本质是什么？”这类问题时，人们不禁感到困 惑。） 【常见义】n [C]田地，牧场
figure
figure /5fIgE/ n [C] 人物（尤其是著名人物） ：a famous historical figure（一位著名的历史人物）Americans no longer expect public figures, whether in speech or in writing, to command the English language with skill and gift. [2005 Text 4] （美国人已经不再期待公众人物在演讲或写 作中运用 技巧和文 采来驾驭 英语了。 ）Among the commission‟s 51 members are top-tier-university presidents, scholars, lawyers, judges, and business executives, as well as prominent figures from diplomacy, filmmaking, music and journalism. [2014 Text 4]（该委员会的 51 名成员包括顶尖大学的校长、学者、律师、法官、企业家，以及来自外交、电影制片、 音乐和新闻领域的杰出代表。） 【常见义】n [C]数字
fold
fold /fEUld/ v [I] 屈服；抵挡不住： a team that never folded under pressure（一支从不屈服于压力的队伍）The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes its reconstruction of rules later this year is strong. [2010 Text 4]（但该委员 会表示不愿在没有总体规划的情况下贸然行动，可是到今年稍晚些时候，当 IASB 完成自身 规则的改造时， 其屈服的压力将会很大。） 【常见义】v [T]折叠
forge
forge /fR:dV/ v [T] 形成，建立（关系）： The two women forged a close bond.（两位女士形成 紧密同盟。） On the other, it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news. [2007 Part C]（另一方面，它把这些概念同日常生活联系起来，其方式与新闻记者每天报道 和评论新闻时的做法是一样的。） 【常见义】v [T]锻造；打铁
fortune
fortune /5fR:tFu:n/ n [C] 财产：She pursued her fortune in another country.（她到他乡寻求她的财富。） Consumers say they‟re not in despair because, despite the dreadful headlines, their own fortunes still feel pretty good. [2004 Text 3]（消费者说，尽管报纸的头条新闻很吓人， 他们并不感到绝 望，因为他们对自己的财富状况仍然感觉良好。）But today, a disruption to family fortunes can no longer be made up with extra income from an otherwise-stay-at-home partner. [2007 Text 3] （但是今天，家庭收入的减少再也不能靠以前待在家里的伴侣出去赚取额外收入而得到弥 补。） 【常见义】n [U]运气；机会
frame
frame /freIm/ n [C] 身体；体形： She has quite a small frame.（她身材很瘦小。 ） The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames. [2008 Text 3]（近年来， 那些从事重要体育项目的职业运动员的身体发生了巨大变化，俱乐部的经理们也非常乐意调整队服的尺寸以适应不断增多的越来越大、越来越高的
身 躯。） 【常见义】n [C]构架
fuel
fuel /5fju:El/ v [T] 维持；煽动（激烈的情感或活动） ： His resignation fuelled speculation of
an imminent cabinet reshuffle（. 他的辞职激起了人们对内阁将随之重组的猜测。）On another
level, many in the medical community acknowledge that the assisted-suicide debate has been fueled in part by the despair of patients for whom modern medicine has prolonged the physical agony of dying. [2002 Text 4]（另一方面，许多医学界的人承认，协助病人自杀的争论之所以 升温，部分原因是病人的绝望情绪。对他们来说，现代医学只是延长了他们弥留之际肉体上的苦痛。） 【常见义】n [C, U]燃料
game
game /geIm/ n [U] 野禽；猎物： game birds（供猎捕的鸟） The large, slow-growing animals were easy game, and were quickly hunted to extinction. [2006 Text 3]（这些生长缓慢的大型动物 很容易被猎杀， 所以很快就被猎杀殆尽。） 【常见义】n [C]游戏；运动
gift
gift /gIft/ n [C] 天赋；禀赋；才能： He has a gift for languages.（他有语言天赋。） “So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote,“that I am tempted to define „journalism‟ as „a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.‟” [2010 Text 1]（“拥有足够的智力或文学天赋来坚 持新闻写作的作家是如此之少，”纽曼写道，“以致我忍不住把„新闻业‟定义为
„不受读者欢迎 的作家对那些广受欢迎的作家的轻蔑之辞‟。” ） 【常见义】n [C]礼物
grasp
grasp /grB:sp/ v [T] 全面理解（某事）；全面领会： I hadn‟t really grasped what they were talking about.（我没有真正明白他们在谈论什么。） Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. [2004 Text 4]（智力寻求的是领会、操控、重新安排和调整，而智慧旨在审视、思考、怀疑、推理、 批判和想象。 ） It is also the reason why when we try to describe music with words, all we can do is articulate our reactions to it, and not grasp music itself. [2014 Part C] （这也解释了为何当 我们力图用语言描述音乐时只能说清对它的感受，而无法领会音乐本身。） 【常见义】v [T]抓住；把握
ground
ground /graUnd/ n [C esp pl]说、做或相信某事的原因或理由：They had no grounds to arrest him.（他们没有理由逮捕他。）Railroads justify rate discrimination against captive shippers on the grounds that in the long run it reduces everyone‟s cost. [2003 Text 3] (铁路公司认为对“受制约 的”托运商实行差别收费是合理的，理由是从长远来看，所有人的成本都会减少。)But there are few places where clients have more grounds for complaint than America. [2014 Text 2] (然而，没 有哪一个国家的客户能比美国人更有理由抱怨。) 【常见义】n [U]土地 n [S]地面
