Zuku Review questions Flashcards
On a cold winter day in the Northeastern U.S., a lactating dairy cow is examined for pruritus and crusts around the perineum.
A skin scrape shows some kind of mitr with long legs and short unsegmented pedicles.
What should be done next?
a) quarantine animal
b) pour-on eprinomectin
c) topical furazolidine
d) amitraz SQ
e) slaughter
b) pour on eprinomectin
Or could use moxidectin (both fine for lactating dairy cow). Doramectin and ivermectin could be used in a beef cow.
This is chorioptic mange (classically seen in NE US winter)
Isolation is not practical as the disease is contagious.
Cattle present with crusty, pruritic skin disease around the perineum and caudal upper thigh.
On skin scrape, look for long legs and short unsegmented pedicles (chorioptes). Contrast to the short legs and long unsegmented pedicles of sarcoptes.
Many hens in a large backyard flock recently became ill after the owner purchased four new chickens. The sick hens are gasping, coughing and sneezing. They have poor appetite and act depressed. Some affected birds have watery green diarrhoea and swelling of the head and neck. A few have paralysed legs and wings, twisted necks. Some are circling, have tremors or clonic spasms.
Birds are not laying well and some eggs are misshapen with watery albumen. Many of the sickest birds have died.
Necropsy of a dead chicken shows petechial haemorrhages on the mucosal surface of the proventriculus and gizzard (left).
What should be done to address this problem?
a) report outbreak to regulatory authorities
b) increase poultry house temperatures to reduce morbidity
c) disinfect housing with phenolic compounds, barrier precautions for staff
d) cull affected birds and vaccinate the remainder
e) treat all affected chickens with amprolium
a) report the outbreak to regulatory authorities
History and necropsy findings are consistent with viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease (VVND). In the U.S. this is reportable. Contact appropriate regulatory authority ASAP.
Gross lesions (e.g. petechiae on proventricular mucosa) are not usually seen with low-virulence Newcastle disease (LoNDV). Clinical history also suggestive of VVND.
Acute form of NDV must be differentiated from highly pathogenic avian influenza by isolation of haemagglutinating virus identified by inhibition with Newcastle disease antiserum.
NDV occurs worldwide and chickens usually present with acute respiratory disease. Occasionally diarrhoea, neuro problems, or depression predominate. Virulence varies between VVND and LoNDV forms.
Vaccines against NDV decrease clinical signs and death. Infected poultry are depopulated.
Sometimes the temperature of the poultry house is increased to decrease morbidity and mortality in flocks with suspected avian influenza.
Amprolium is a treatment for coccidiosis.
Which one of the following sets of conditions predispose a cow to metritis?
a) agalactia, milk fever, bovine vibriosis
b) milk fever, malnutrition, excess dietary zinc
c) strep. agalactiae mastitis, retained placenta, laminitis
d) contaminated calving environment, abortion, hypomagnesaemia
e) dystocia, overfeeding in dry period, Ca-P imbalance in feed
e) dystocia, overfeeding in the dry period, Ca-P imbalance.
Cows are also predisposed to metritis by retained placenta, contaminated calving environment, abortion, malnutrition.
In cattle, the causative bacterial organisms isolated most often are Trueperella pyogenes (formerly Arcanobacter) alone or with Fusobacterium necrophorum or other gram -ve anaerobes.
Specific diseases associated with bovine metritis or endometritis include brucellosis, leptospirosis, trichomoniasis, bovine campylobacter
A farmer recently purchased a sheep from a salebarn. The sheep soon became ill, with progressive depression, lethargy, and inappetance.
He had respiratory problems, breathing hard with abdominal effort, and died after three days with a frothy nasal discharge just prior to death.
At necropsy, the lungs had the appearance shown below.
What was the most likely cause of death?
a) Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
b) Perilla frutescens
c) Ovine progressive pneumonia
d) Mannheimia haemolytica
e) Dictyocaulus filaria
d) Mannheimia haemolytica
Mannheimia haemolytica pneumonia typically has a cranioventral distribution as demonstrated by the hepatised lung (dark red, liver-like) seen in the bottom half of this image.
M. haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida are commensals in the upper airway of sheep. M. haemolytica of sheep and goats is a different strain (Type A2) from that in cattle (Type A1).
Infection is more likely if there is a primary viral (e.g. parainfluenza 3) or bacterial (e.g. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae) infection. Pneumonia with these pathogens is most common after recent stress or comingling with new animals. Prevention involves decreasing stress and exposure. There are currently no vaccines available for respiratory disease in sheep and goats and cattle vaccines have not been shown to be effective.
Ovine progressive pneumonia causes chronic wasting with respiratory distress and occasional indurative mastitis. Necropsy findings include lungs with mottled grey and brown areas of consolidation and very enlarged mediastinal and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis causes caseous lymphadenitis in sheep and goats. Multifocal abscesses would be seen on necropsy.
Dictyocaulus filaria can cause bronchitis or pneumonia in sheep and infection is characterised by tachypnoea and coughing. Hepatisation of the lungs would be an uncommon finding at necropsy.
Perilla frutescens causes acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and oedema in cattle.
A pig farm has several sick and dying adult pigs. Affected animals are febrile and depressed.
Some seem constipated and others have diarrhoea. A few are ataxic.
A necropsy of one of the pigs show widespread petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages in the kidneys (turkey egg kidneys), bladder, spleen, and larynx.
Which one of the following choices is the most likely diagnosis?
a) Classical swine fever
b) Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome
c) Glaesserella parasuis
d) Anthrax
e) Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
a) Classical swine fever
Haemorrhages on the kidneys or other organs are characteristics of both Classical swine fever and African swine fever.
African swine fever cannot be differentiated from Classical swine fever based on clinical and postmortem signs alone/
Confirmation is based on either PCR or ELISA antigen testing.
Both are notifiable diseases.
Glaesserella parasuis occurs mainly in young piglets.
Pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) typically have enlarged pale lymph nodes, growth retardation, wasting and dyspnoea.
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a common cause of pneumonia in adult pigs, who present with a barking cough and slow growth.
A four month old calf from a small beef herd in Louisiana presents with a fracture of the right metatarsus. He was normal last night. The owner found the calf this morning after rounding up the herd for deworming. This is the fifth calf this season with fractured bones. One had a vertebral facture, two calves had humeral fractures, and one other had a canon bone fracture.
Which of the following choices is the most likely problem in this herd?
a) low dietary protein
b) hypovitaminosis D
c) high dietary calcium
d) low dietary copper
e) high dietary phosphorus
d) Low dietary copper
This causes bones of growing animals to be brittle because they do not develop the normal trabecular structure.
Higher fracture rates are seen in Cu deficient than in Cu replete animals.
Pathologic fractures are more common during periods of exertion e.g. the morning roundup. Rough handling exacerbates the number of fractures.
Treatment of Cu deficiency includes copper glycinate injections, and the feeding of mineral mixes with Cu. Copper boluses can also be given.
In areas with high levels of molybdenum (Mb) in the soil, Cu levels are often low. Mb interferes with absorption of Cu, hence Mb excess results in Cu deficiency.
Pathologic fracturs can be seen with hypovitaminosis D growing cattle, but this is unlikely in beef cattle on pasture esp in S. United States where there’s plenty of sunlight. Occasionally seen in northern cows in winter or show calves housed primarily indoors.
Calcium deficient calves may also develop a similar syndrome of pathologic fractures.
A hobbyist fish owner is concerned because, within just a few hours, many of the fish in his freshwater tank have developed cloudy eyes, increased mucus, and are gasping at the surface. Fish also seem to be moving slowly. Based on this history, which of the following would be the most relevant question to ask?
a) Did you use chlorine or other chemicals near the tank/ equipment or do a recent change with tap water?
b) Were these fish treated with ivermectin, levamisole, or praziquantel?
c) How often do you measure ammonia levels in the tank water and what was the last reading?
d) Do you feed frozen or live brine shrimp or bloodworms; if so how often are these fed and are they rinsed prior to use?
e) What are the levels of Vitamin A, thiamine, and Vitamin E in the feed, and how do you store the feed?
a) Did you use chlorine or other chemicals near the tank/ equipment or do a recent water change with tap water?
Chlorine is commonly used to disinfect tanks and equipment but is highly toxic to fish. This is a common problem because both chlorine and chloramine are frequently found in municipal water sources.
Chronic and subacute chlorine exposure results in signs such as: cloudy eyes, inflammation and necrosis of gills, excessive mucus covering gills, lethargy. Acute chlorine toxicosis can cause sudden death.
Testing and treatment - see image
Over the past 2 weeks, several pigs in a herd have been febrile and depressed. Many were constipated, then had diarrhoea. A few were incoordinated and one had seizures. A few have died.
Necropsy revealed petechiael haemorrhages on the kidneys and larynx, and a haemorrhagic urinary bladder.
Of the following choices, which one is most consistent with a presumptive diagnosis?
a) Swine dysentery
b) Classical swine fever
c) Erysipelas
d) Streptococcus suis infection
e) Glässer’s disease
b) Classical swine fever
- Virology is required to confirm and differentiate from other causes of febrile haemorrhagic diseases
- Best tissues to submit are tonsils, maxillary, or submandibular LNs, mesenteric LNs, spleen, ileum, kidney
- Glässerella parasuis is an acute bacterial infection, characterised by different combinations of meningoencephalitis, polyserosititis and polyarthritis, and can contribute to bacterial pneumonia
An outbreak of diarrhoeal disease of piglets has occurred which affected the healthiest animals in the herd, 1-2 weeks after weaning.
Some affected piglets had no signs except peracute death.
Other affected piglets exhibit diarrhoea, ataxia, paralysis, and recumbency.
What condition is at the top of the differential diagnosis list?
a) Porcine proliferative enteritis
b) Epidemic transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
c) Streptococcus suis
d) Oedema disease
e) Clostridium perfringens Type C enteritis
d) Oedema disease
This is caused by shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)
- Look for severe acute illness ranging from peracute death with no signs to CNS involvement with ataxia, paralysis, and recumbency in healthiest pigs 1-2 weeks after weaning
- Streptococcus suis could cause sudden death but would not cause diarrhoea and would see polyserositis on necropsy
- Clostridium perfringens Type C enteritis (a.k.a. enterotoxaemia) is characterised by a haemorrhagic diarrhoea in 1-3 day old piglets
- Porcine proliferative enteritis is principally a diarrhoeal disease of growing finishing (40-80lb) pigs and young breeding pigs
- Epidemic transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) in non-immune pig herds is characterised by high morbidity and high mortality in piglets less than 1 week old
A 2 y.o. Angus cow is presented with weakness of the hindlimbs and a staggering gait.
On physical exam, the heart rate and respiratory rate are slow and irregular, and the pupils are dilated.
The cow’s breath and urine smell like the odour of mouse urine.
Suddenly the cow’s pulse becomes rapid and thready, and she collapses, and dies of apparent respiratory failure.
Which of the following plants is most likely to have caused this spectrum of clinical signs?
a) Pinus ponderosa (Western yellow pine)
b) Centaurea spp. (Knapweed, yellow star thistle)
c) Tetradymia spp. (Horsebrush)
d) Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock)
e) Veratrum spp. (False hellebore, Skunk cabbage)
d) Conium maculatum (Poison hemlock)
At least 8 toxic piperidine alkaloids have been isolated from this poison hemlock.
Coniine is found in seeds and mature plants; g-coniceine is found in young growing plants.
Poison hemlock is toxic to all livestock ang humans. Signs of toxicity develop 1-2 hours after ingestion and are usually fatal.
Signs include nervousness, trembling, weakness, especially of the hindlimbs, weak pulse, irregular heart rate, recumbency, coma and death.
A mousy odour exuding from the urine and breath is pathognomonic.
Ingestion of poison hemlock during gestation causes arthrogryposis and other congenital defects in cattle, goats and pigs.
