3.1.5: Oral cavity disease Flashcards
How might an animal with an oral lesion present?
- Anorexia/inappetance
- Ptyalism
- Swelling of head/lips/mandible
- Protrusion of tongue
- Oedema of submandibular space
- Partly chewed lumps of food present (quids)
- Bloat
- Penetrating wounds
What are quids?
Partially chewed lumps of food that may be found in the mouth of an animal with oral cavity disease
Differentials for hypersalivation (viral causes)
- BVD
- MCF
- IBR
- Bovine papular stomatitis / orf
- Notifiable ones: Rabies, FMD, BTV
Differentials for hypersalivation (bacterial causes)
- Calf diphtheria (necrobacillosis); F. necrophorum, necrotic laryngitis
- Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)
- Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)
Differentials for hypersalivation (traumatic causes)
- Choke
- Drenching gun/bolus injuries, oral burns
- Teeth
- Vagal nerve damage
What is stomatitis?
Inflammation of the oral mucosa.
This is a clinical sign seen in a variety of diseases.
Clinical signs of acute active stomatitis
- Ptyalism
- Dysphagia
- Repetitive jaw movements
- Inflammation, excoriations and ulcers on oral exam
- Halitosis may be noted with secondary bacterial infections
Non-infectious causes of stomatitis
- Oral trauma
- Chemical irritants
Infectious causes of stomatitis
- IBR
- Papillomas
- BVDv
- MCF
- BPS
- Notifiable vesicular diseases: FMDv, VS, BTV
VS = vesicular stomatitis
BTV = Bluetongue virus
Describe the clinical findings with stomatitis caused by IBR
- Grey pinpoint pustules on the soft palate; some sources say no oral lesions but possible ulceration on nose
- Pyrexia
- Respiratory signs
Describe the clinical findings with stomatitis caused by papillomas
- Pink-white raised areas with proliferative appearance on lips and mouth
- Seen in young animals
- Resolves spontaneously
Describe the clinical findings with stomatitis caused by BVD
- Small ulcers from mouth to rectum
- Pyrexia and diarrhoea
Describe the other clinical findings with stomatitis caused by MCF
- Sporadic cases
- Bilateral corneal opacity
- Oral and nasal discharge
- Enlarged LNs
- Pyrexic
- Dysentery
- Catarrhal inflammation and erosion
Describe the other clinical findings with stomatitis caused by BPS
- Animals are usually asymptomatic
- The disease is zoonotic
Describe the other clinical findings with stomatitis caused by FMDv
- Vesicles are seen on coronary band and mouth
- Pyrexia
- Lameness
Describe the clinical findings with stomatitis caused by VS
- Lesions are restricted to the oral mucosa
Describe the other clinical findings with stomatitis caused by BTV
- Swollen head, ears and lips
How is FMD transmitted?
- Ingestion of animal products: uncooked meat, unpasteurised milk, other dairy products
- Natural mating, AI, embryos
- Direct contact with infected wildlife
- Wind-borne transmission
- Indirect contact via fomites: contaminated clothing, vaccine guns, vehicles, marketplaces, loading ramps, electricians, dead stock collection services
Clinical signs of FMD
- Fever and vesicles
- Abortion
- Recovery in 2 weeks unless secondary infections arise
- Death in young animals
Incubation period of FMD
2-12 days
Morbidity of FMD
100% in a susceptible population
Mortality with FMD
- <1%
- Higher in young animals
- Higher with highly virulent strains
You suspect FMD in a herd of cows. What other differential diagnoses do you have? Justify these.
- IBR (pyrexia)
- BVD (abortions, vesicular disease)
- MCF (pyrexia, vesicular disease)
- BTV
- Pox virus e.g. pseudocowpox
- Plant toxins
- Papilloma virus (not vesicles but look similar)
- Ulcerative diseases (not vesicles but look similar)
- Photosensitisation (not vesicles but can look similar)
You suspect FMD in a pig herd. What are your differential diagnoses?
- Foot root
- Chemical and thermal burns
What are some of the control measures that would be implemented if a case of FMD was diagnosed in the UK?
- All susceptible livestock on the infected holding would be culled and destroyed
- All meat and other products from the infected holding would be traced and destroyed
- Strong restrictions on the movement of people, vehicles, or other animals in the area surrounding the infection
- Cleaning and disinfecting the affected holding and any vehicles or equipment which enetered the holding
- Detailed conditions would be laid down for the restocking of the holding, which can only take place 21 days after cleaning and disinfection operation is complete
- Protection zone: radius of at least 3km around the site
- Surveillance zone: radius of at least 10km arund the site
- Restrictions on movement of susceptible animals in and out of this zone
What treatment/eradication options are there for FMD?
- Eradication programs: confirmatory diagnosis, destructon of exposed cadavers, bedding, animals and animal products
- Vaccinate to kill - ring vaccination to slow spread, with all vaccinated farms to be depopulated within 1-2 weeks of vaccination. Banned in EU since 1992.
- Vaccinate to live - only done in parts of the world where the disease is endemic, has huge implications for international trade.
What would happen in the UK if a diagnosis of FMD was confirmed?
- UK would immediately put in place measures laid down in EU direction 2003/85/EC (or superceding relevant post-Brexit legislation)
After a FMD outbreak, how long does it take for a country to regain its disease-free status? What is the impact of this?
- Shortest period in which disease-free status can be recovered is 3 months after the cull of the last infected animal
- Until the disease-free status is recovered, other countries can ban live animals and animal products from the affected country
What should you do if you suspect FMD on farm?
- May the diagnosis: clinically, vesicular diseases are indistinguishable (salivaton and lameness with vesicles require further testing)
- Notify the Animal Health Office immediately
- Wait on-farm for an official vet
What other common vesicular diseases are there, aside from FMD?
- Vesicular stomatitis
- Swine Vesicular Disease
- Vesicular Exathema of Swine
Of the following diseases, which affect cattle?
* FMD
* Vesicular stomatitis
* Swine Vesicular Disease
* Vesicular Exathema of Swine
- ** FMD
- Vesicular stomatitis**
- Swine Vesicular Disease
- Vesicular Exathema of Swine
Of the following diseases, which affect pigs?
* FMD
* Vesicular stomatitis
* Swine Vesicular Disease
* Vesicular Exathema of Swine
- **FMD
- Vesicular stomatitis
- Swine Vesicular Disease
- Vesicular Exathema of Swine**
Of the following diseases, which affect sheep and goats?
* FMD
* Vesicular stomatitis
* Swine Vesicular Disease
* Vesicular Exathema of Swine
- **FMD
- Vesicular stomatitis**
- Swine Vesicular Disease
- Vesicular Exathema of Swine
Sheep and goats rarely show signs/show mild signs of these diseases.
Of the following diseases, which affect horses and donkeys?
* FMD
* Vesicular stomatitis
* Swine Vesicular Disease
* Vesicular Exathema of Swine
- **FMD
- Vesicular stomatitis**
- Swine Vesicular Disease
- Vesicular Exathema of Swine
Clinical signs of FMD in cattle
- Oral and hoof lesions
- Salivation, drooling
- Lameness
- Abortion
- Death in young animals
Clinical signs of Vesicular Stomatitis in cattle
- Vesicles in the oral cavity, mammary glands, coronary bands, interdigital space
Clinical signs of FMD in pigs
- Severe hoof lesions
- Hoof sloughing
- Snout vesicles
- Less severe oral lesions
Considering FMD, which species represent the following:
a) Disease indicators
b) Amplifying hosts
c) Maintenance hosts
a) Disease indicators - cattle
b) Amplifying hosts - pigs
c) Maintenance hosts - sheep and goats
Clinical signs of Swine Vesicular Disease
- Severe signs in animals housed on concrete
- Lameness
- Salivation
- Neurological signs
- More severe in younger animals
Clinical signs of Vesicular Exathema of Swine
- Deeper lesions with granulation tissue formation on feet
Clinical signs of Vesicular Stomatitis in horse and donkeys
- Severe with oral and coronary band vesicles
- Drooling
- Animals rub their mouths on objects
- Lameness
Signs of BTV in sheep
BTV= Bluetongue Virus
* Eye and nasal discharges which become thick and crusty
* Drooling as a result of swelling/ulcerations in the mouth
* Swelling of neck/face especially around eyes and muzzle
* Severe lameness -> affected sheep reluctant to rise
* Haemorrhages into or under the skin
* Inflammation and pain at the coronary band
* Blue tongue = rarely a clinical signs of infection
Bluetongue virus
Clinical signs of BTV in cattle
BTV = Bluetongue Virus
* May have no signs of ilnnes
* Nasal discharge
* Swelling of neck and head especially around eyes and muzzle
* Conjunctivitis
* Lameness
* Excessive salivation/drooling
Bluetongue virus
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)
Bovine papilloma virus
How is bovine papilloma virus transmitted?
- Via abrasions, direct contact, ± flies
What issues does bovine papilloma virus cause? How can these be addressed?
- Lesions may interfere with suckling and milkig
- Secondary bacterial infections are possible
- Typically self-limiting
- There is an autogenous vaccine available but rarely used unless it impacts the ability of the cow to eat or be milked
What is the colloquial name for this disease? What is the causative agent?
Actinobacillosis (wooden tongue)
Causative agent: Actinobacilllus lignieresi
Clinical signs of actinobacillosis
- Pain
- ± pyrexia
- Stomatitis, glossitis, fibrous tissue, cellulitis evolving into pyogranulomatous infection
- Swollen tongue that often protrudes and is hard to the touch
- Submandibular swelling
- Enlarged LNs
- Rapid BCS loss
- Can also affected skin, oesophageal groove, rumen wall etc.
How do cattle become affected by actinobacillosis?
- Actinobaccilus lignieresi is a commensal of the URT and GIT of ruminants
- Enters tissue via breaks in buccal mucosa
How is actinobacillosis diagnosed?
- Observation of painful pyogranulamotous lesions exuding yellow-white pus
- Deep incisional biopsies (“sulphur granules”)
Treatment of actinobacillosis
- Early intervention necessarily for successful outcome
- Antibiotics: gram-negative, facultative anaerobe required. Pen + strep, TMPS. Daily IM >10 days
- Iodides: potassium iodide (oral), sodium iodide (IV)
- NSAIDs
What are some possible complications of actinobacillosis?
- Laryngeal and pharyngeal paralysis
- Vagal indigestion
Prevention of actinobacillosis
- Isolate affected cases and review feeding
What is the colloquial name for this disease? What is the causative agent?
Actinomycosis (lumpy jaw)
Causative agent: Actinomyces bovis
