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FARM ANIMAL > Farm Skills: Alpacas > Flashcards

Farm Skills: Alpacas Flashcards

1
Q

Adult alpaca TPR

A
  • HR: 60-90 bpm
  • RR: 10-30 breaths per min
  • Temp: 37.5-38.9C
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2
Q

True/false: vaccinating alpacas against clostridial is a good idea.

A

True
* Primary course is 2 injections 3-6 weeks apart
* Boosters annually
* Booster for pregnant animals 4-6 weeks before unpacking

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3
Q

Differentials and treatment

A

Differentials: manidbular abscess, osteomyelitis/ lumpy jaw

Mandibular abscess
* There will be lateral swelling ± draining tract
* Tooth extraction required - lateral incision over teeth, split the tooth (must done under GA)

Osteomyelitis/ lumpy jaw
* Signs include drooling, weight loss, ill thrift
* Requires radiographs/ CT/ MRI
* Surgical debridement + antibiotics described

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3
Q

What is hepatic lipidosis and which animals does it affect? How can you diagnose and treat it?

A

Hepatic lipidosis = fatty liver
* Affects all ages but especially pregnant/ lactating females and anorexic animals
* Diagnosis: increased serum triglycerides and lipids; ultrasound changes in echogenicity
* Supportive treatment: fluids

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4
Q

Diagnosis, clinical signs and treatment

A

Megaoesophagus
Clinical signs
* Weight loss
* Regurgitation
* Hypersalivation, frothing

Diagnosis: barium contrast study

Treatment: easy swallowing and feeding from an elevated surface

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5
Q

Clinical signs and treatment of gastric atony

A

Clinical signs
* Anorexia
* Loss in BCS
* Depression

Treatment: fluids.
Anorexia for 3-5 days = death of bacteria and protozoa in C1 and C2 -> requires transfaunation

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6
Q

Differentials for diarrhoea in adult alpacas

A
  • Feed changes
  • Eosinophilic enteritis
  • Coccidiosis (Eimeria)
  • Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (fatal)
  • Parasites
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7
Q

Differentials for diarrhoea in crias

A
  • Milk scour
  • Diet change (can lead to blockage of spiral colon and colic)
  • Rotavirus
  • Coronavirus
  • Cryptosporidium
  • E. coli
  • Coccidiosis around weaning (stress-induced)
  • Giardia
  • Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
  • Salmonella
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8
Q

Treatment of diarrhoea in alpacas

A
  • Fluids
  • Electrolyte replacement
  • Antibiotics if indicated
  • NSAIDs
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9
Q

Clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment

A

Gastric ulceration of C3 and proximal duodenum
* There are partial or full thickness erosions
* Stress-induced

Clinical signs
* Anorexia
* Colic
* Bruxism
* Depression

Treatment
* IV pantopazole or omeprazole to increase C3 pH
* ± blood transfusion

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10
Q

Clinical signs, treatment and prevention of Vitamin D deficiency

A

Clinical signs
* Lameness
* Hunched back
* Weight loss

Treatment
* Oral paste or injectable

Prevention
* Young animals - 3 doses - Nov, Jan, March
* All ages - Nov
* Pregnant females - 2 doses - Jan, Nov

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11
Q

Cria TPR

A

Weight: 7-11kg
HR: 60-100bpm
RR: 30 breaths per min
Temp: 37.8C

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12
Q

Clinical signs, diagnosis and treatment of failure of passive transfer

A

Cria should ingest 10-15% BW within 24hrs.

Clinical signs
* Dull and depressed
* Unable to stand
* No suck reflex
* Hypothermia
* Septicaemia
* Diarrhoea

Diagnosis: IgG <5.5g/dl at 18-24hrs

Treatment: 1 unit (300ml) plasma taken from an older vaccinated male from the same herd if possible

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13
Q

Common congenital abnormalities in crias

A
  • Choanal atresia (fatal as obligate nasal breather)
  • Umbilical hernia
  • VSD
  • Segmental aplasia
  • Atresia ani/ coli
  • Syndactyly/ polydactyly
  • Angular limb deformities (valgus, arthrogryposis, tendon laxity)
  • Prematurity
  • Wry nose/ face
  • Blue eyed deafness
  • Juvenile cataracts
  • Blocked nasolacrimal ducts
  • Tail defects
  • Female urogenital defects e.g. clitoral hypertrophy, hypoplastic ovaries, double cervices
  • Male urogenital defects e.g. testicular hypoplasua, corkscrew penis, persistent frenulum
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14
Q

Clinical signs of prematurity in cria

A
  • Domed head
  • Floppy ears
  • Excess foot periople
  • Silky fur
  • Failure to stand
  • Poor suck reflex
  • FPT
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15
Q

How can you sedate an alpaca?

A

Triple stun IM
* Xylazine
* Butorphanol
* Ketamine

16
Q

Pre-op care e.g. for alpaca undergoing castration

A
  • Clostridial vaccination
  • Starve for 12hrs due to regurgitation risk
  • NSAIDs
  • Antibiotics: penicillin
  • Local anaesthetic into testicle after sedation
17
Q

Endoparasites affecting alpacas and general clinical signs

A

Endoparasites
* Coccidiosis
* Cryptosporidium
* Haemonchus
* Liver fluke
* Lungworm
* Nematodirus

General clinical signs
* Anaemia
* Diarrhoea
* Ill thrift
* Malaise
* Death

Must do individual FEC.

18
Q

Clinical signs and diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica

A

Fasciola hepatica
* Affects bile ducts
* Shedding in faeces at 10-12 days but not always seen

Clinical signs
* Ill thrift
* Poor growth
* Death

Diagnosis
* Increased serum bile acids, increased ALP, increased AST

  • Must be up to date with clostridial vaccinations -> increased risk of Black’s disease (Clostridium novyi)
19
Q

Clinical signs of copper deficiency

A
  • Depigmentation of fibre
  • Wire texture
  • Poor growth
  • Predisposed to disease

Treatment and prevention: dietary supplementation

20
Q
A

Dorsal nasal alopecia
* There is dermatitis on the bridge of the nose with skin that is scaly, hyperpigmented, thickened.

Potential causes:
* Dark nose syndrome (seen in dark coloured animals)
* Burrowing mites

Diagnosis
* Skin scrapes ± biopsy

Treatment options:
* Parasites treatment
* Topical or systemic steroids

21
Q

Clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment of zinc-responsive dermatosis

A

= idiopathic hyperkeratosis

Clinical signs
* Seen at any age
* Non-pruritic papules with tightly adherent crust
* Less densely haired areas or perineum, ventral abdomen, inguinal region, medial thighs, axilla, medial forearms, face

Diagnosis: skin biopsy

Treatment: oral zinc sulphate/ topical zinc shampoos

22
Q

Clinical signs and differential diagnoses of mange

A
  • Severe dermatitis: heavy, adherent, hyperkeratotic crusts especially on paranasal/ perioral regions

Differentials:
* Viral contagious pustular dermatitis
* Dermatophilosis
* Dermatophytosis
* Bacterial dermatitis
* Immune-mediated disease

23
Q

Clinical signs, differentials, diagnosis and treatment

A

Clinical signs
* Alopecia
* Hyperkeratosis
* Scaling
* Pruritus

Differentials:
* Sarcoptes, Psoroptes, Chorioptes, Demodex
* Zinc deficiency

Diagnosis
* Skin scrapes, skin biopsies

Treatment
* Ivermectin repeated q14 days (must be IM or SC; not oral)

24
Q

Diagnosis of lice and treatment

A

Biting louse = Damalinia breviceps
Sucking louse = Microthoracius cameli

Diagnosis: sellotape test

Treatment
* Sucking louse - ivermectin
* Biting louse - topical pyrethrin

25
Q

Clinical signs of ticks

A
  • Tick paralysis
  • Inner ear issues leading to Horner’s syndrome ± encephalitic death
26
Q

Clinical signs of TB

A

Mycobacterium pinnipedii, bovis, microti

Clinical signs
* Lethargy
* Anorexia
* Weight loss
* Coughing
* Resp signs - mild to severe
* Sudden death

Zoonotic!

27
Q

Diagnosis of TB

A
  • Often made at PM: granulomas in lungs and lymph nodes, presence of acid-fast bacilli
28
Q
A

Mycoplasma haemolamae
* Causes mild to fatal anaemia
* Diagnosed on blood smear or PCR
* Treatment: oxytetracycline ± blood transfusion

FARM ANIMAL (56 decks)

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