Zootoxins Flashcards
Insects
Bees, wasps, ants
Formic acid, vasoactive agents
Insect bites
Systemic anaphylaxis and possible death
Mild to severe pain, heat, swelling, venom sac with stinger
Stress related leukocytosis
Cantharidin (blister beetles)
Trapped in hay ingested by ruminants and horses
Targets heart, mm, GIT, urinary tract
Hypocalcemia
Cantharidin poisoning
Acute severe colic, shock
Death (2-3 days))
GI ulceration,
Diarrhea/ bloody veces
Urinary irritation
Frequent urination
Straining
Rubbing of perineum
Black Widow (lactrodectus mactans) MOA
Potent labile neurotoxin
Proteinacieous toxins → bind to Ca channels → ↑ mem. permeability to Ca and depolarization → large amounts of EP released and presynaptic NT uptake inhibited
Cs of L. mactans
Acute onset of intense pain
Release AcH (muscle contraction, paralysis, salivation)
Death from resp. of CVS failure
Treatment from black widow
Antivenin
Muscle relaxants (methocarbamol)
Atropine
Shock therapy, fluids
Corticosteroids
Brown Recluse spider (loxosceles reclusa)
Toxins (with 8-10 proteins): proteases, hyalurinonidase, hemolysins, spreading factors
Damages endothelial cells → intravasc. coagulation → capillary thrombi and tissue necrosis
Loxosceles bites clinical effects
Erythmatous area around bite
Hemolysis and Hbnuria
Vasculitis, hemorrhage, leukocyte accum.
Brown recluse spider bite on dog
Dermanecrotic
Venom activates complement, chemotaxis, attacks cell membranes, vasoconstrictive
Crotalidae venomous snakes
Pit vipers: long, hinged, hollow fangs
Stick, inject venom, withdraw
Rattle snakes, water moccasins, copperheads
Elapidea venomous snakes
Coral*, cobras, kraits, mambas
Hang on and chew
Crotalidae mechanism
Toxins incapacitate prey, impaired coagulation, alter cardiac function (insufficiency, edema, shock, hemorrhage)
Crotalid venom toxic effects
CNS and reps. depression
Hypotension
Edema and swelling
Life threatening (nostrils, tongue, throat)
Acute therapy for crotalid bites
Polyvalent crotalid antivenins
_____________- are the only member of elapidae in the US
Coral snakes
Elapidae coral snakes
Adjacent red and yellow transverse band
SE US, costal states, west to TX
T/F: Red on black a friend of jack
and red on yellow kill a yellow
TRUE
Coral snake toxicosis
Cholinesterase: parasympath effects
Neurotoxic peptide: paralysis
Usually no bc of small mouths
CS from coral snakes
Numbness, weakness, disorientation, paralysis, CNS depression and resp. failure
Salivation, lacrimation, V/D
Venomous Lizards
Heloderma suspectum: gila monster
H. horrium: mexcian beaded lizard
Exenatide
Type 2 diabetic drug
Derived from saliva of Gila monster
Bufo toads
Bufo alvarius: Colorado river toad
Bufo marinus: cane toad
Bufo poisoning
Cardiac glycosides
Cardiotoxins: bufotoxins, and bufotenins
Toxins produced by salivary glands of toad → absorbed by oral mucosa
Cardiotoxic effects of bufo poisoning
Ventricular fibrillation and hypertension
CS of Bufo poisoning
Salivation, vomiting, retching, shaking head, blindness, seizures, death
Bufo poisoning diagnosis
↑ PCV, glucose and BUN
Hyperkalemia and calcemia
↓ leukocyte count
Scorpions
Centruoides species
Venom: aa, serotonin, tryptophan, histamin like, lipids, peptides
Neurotoxic
Tarantula venom
Athrax spp. targets nerve fibers (m. fasculations)
Lycosa spp. strong hemolytic effect with swelling, redness, salivation, paresis
Irritation of dogs of cats
Jelly fish and portuguese man- of- war
Jellys: nematocyts
PMOW: tentacles
Severe pain, cyanotic for humans and dogs
Jelly fish stings
Soak/ rinse with vinegar (15-30 minutes)
Rinse in sea water, 70% isopropyl alcohol
Shaving cream of paste of baking soda
Monarch Butterfly
Asclepias
Mildweed
Cardiac glycosides
