Insecticides Flashcards
Types of organophosphate insecticides
Aliphatic carbon, cyclic or heterocyclic phosphates
Types of carbamates insecticides
Cyclic/ aliphatic derivatives or barbamic acid
Usually doesn’t contain sulfur
Organophosphates susceptibility
Cats> dogs
Brahma cattle (bulls) > english cattle breeds
Poultry have a lower tolerance
Organophosphates exposure
Oral: most serious
Dermal: spray/pour on
Inhalation: Mist
Cholinesterase inhibitor muscarinic signs
Salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, vomiting, bradycardia, micurition, dyspnea, miosis
Cholinesterase inhibitor nicotinic signs
Muscle tremors
Twitching and paresis progression to paralysis
Cholinesterase inhibitor CNS signs
Depression, behavioral/ personality changes, hyperactivity, seizures
Cholinesterase depression
OP poisoning (stable)
Carbamate poisoning (spontaneous)
Diagnosed by whole blood and brain (caudate nucleus)
Pathology of OP poisoning
Congestion
Pulmonary edema
Dilated Intestine and filled with poison
OP detoxification
Dermal: Wash (soap/ detergent), long hair animals trimmed
Oral: emesis/ gastric lavage and charcoal
Treatment for OP poisoning
Atropine treats muscarinic signs, can’t be over 0.1-0.5 mg/kg
Diphenhydramine treats nicotinic signs
What is the antidote for OP poisoning?
2-PAM
Acute syndrome of OP poisoning
Most accurate info available for medical experts
Most common
Ginger Jake paralysis
Polyneuropathy effecting motor nerves to the distal parts of the extremities
From drinking alcoholic extract of Jamaican ginger Abdul trees by pesticide
Clinical manifestations of Ginger Jake paralysis
Loss of sensation, motor function, strokes, SC injuries and poliomyelitis
Extremities - increased muscular tension, hyperactive reflexes or loss of reflexes
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids uses
Flea control insecticidal sprays (pest control)
Pyrethrins clinical signs
CNS stimulation: salivation, vomiting, dyspnea, cyanosis, tremors, etc. within minutes of exposure
CS resolve in death or recovery in 24-72 hours
Pyrethrins diagnosis
Toxicology analysis
Clorinated hydrocarbons, metaldehyde, strychnine etc.
Pyrethrins treatment
Bathe with soap and water if dermal
Emetics/ gastric lavage in recent exposures (4hrs)
Activated charcoal and saline sobitol cathartic
Supportive therapy for Pyrethrins
For seizure and hyperexcitability control use diazepam and barbiturates
Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Includes DDT, DDE, methoxychlor, chlorpyrifos
Alters Na channels enhancing action potential causing seizures
Chlorinated hydrocarbons MOA
Readily absorbed via skin and muscle
Accumulated in adipose tissue and slow released
Treatment of Chlorinated hydrocarbons
Bathe and clip hair
Diazepam, phenobarbital, pentobarbital (seizures)
Organochlorine insecticide effects
Eggshell thinning in raptors (eagle, hawks)
Estrogenic effects in birds –> infertility
Metaldehyde
Bait pelleted or meal-style bait
Southern lowlands in US
Most common in dogs
Toxicokinetics of Metaldehyde
↓ 5 HT, serotonin in brain and GABA levels –> excitatory signs in CNS
Signs of Metaldehyde
Seizures, muscle tremors, metabolic acidosis
Cattle/ sheep: ataxia and tremors
Horses: colic, diarrhea, sweating, tremors, hyperestesia
Treatment for Metaldehyde
Diazepam, barbiturates and methocarbamol
Artificial respiration, fluid therapy
Fipronil
Flea and tick control on dogs and cats, home ant, termite control
Pest control on food crops, turf insect control
Fipronil infection
Toxic to shrimp, oysters, fish, bees, game birds
Causes seizures in rabbits
Skin lesions
Treatment for fipronil
Bath dogs 24-48 hours after exposure
Dish detergent, follicle flushing tatto or steroids
Rotenone
Derived from the root of the Derris plant
Arrow poison to paralyze fish
Sourced of rotenone
Flea control products and premise insecticides
Topical product–> bovine hypoderma larvae
MOA of rotenone
Inhibits electron transfer and mitosis
Complexes with reduced NADH
Signs of rotenone
CNS and GIT
Vomiting, gastric irritation, lethargy, stupor, dyspnea, etc.
Amitraz
Formamidine insecticide used on cattle, dogs and pigs
Topical used in flea collars
Ectoparasite contil in swine
Amitraz mechanism of toxicity
Weak monamine oxidase inhibitor
Targets CNS and CVS
Clinical signs of amitraz
CNS depression and CVS bradycardia
Ataxia, disorientation, vomiting, anorexia, polyuria, diarrhea, vocalization, seizures
Do not use amitraz on _________
cats
4- Aminopyridine (4-AP)
↑ acetylcholine release and inhibits K+ repolarization
Lethal doses: seizures to death
Clin signs: CNS stimulation
Highly toxic to mammals
4- Aminopyridine (4-AP) treatment
Fampridine –> used to treat symptoms of multiple sclerosis
Nicotine
Mimics ACh in SNS, PSNS and NMJ
Rapid onset of action
Toxic doses of nicotine
Simulation followed by blockade of nerual transmission
Signs: Hyperactivity, vomiting, salivation, tremors, tachycardia, death
What is death of nicotine due to?
Respiratory paralysis of diaphragm
Napthalene
Old mothballs causing metabolic acidosis and hemolytic- heinz body anemia
Pathology in liver and kidney
Toxicity: vomiting, napthalene odor, methemoglobin
Paradischlorobenzene
Newer mothballs and less toxic but more GIT effects
Pathology of the liver and kidney
Treatment and diagnosis of moth balls
Emesis, decontaminate, supportive therapy
Diagnosed with methylene blue
Deet
CLS: Vomiting, tremors, excitation, ataxia, seizures
Dermal: erythema, desquamation, scarring
Boric acid
CLS: vomiting, diarrhea, muscle weakness, ataxia, acidosis
Lesions: gastroenteritis, hepatic, renal lipidosis, renal tubular damage
Citric oil extracts (Limonene and linalool)
Uncommon, in cats treated with high dose
Central and peripheral vasodilation and neurologic mechanism
