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1. Toxicology > Feed Related Toxicosis > Flashcards

Feed Related Toxicosis Flashcards

1
Q

Ammoniation

A

Feed stuffs treated with anhydrous or aqueous ammonia to ↑ protein/ nitrogen content

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2
Q

Ammoniated feed pathogenesis/ mechanism

A

Ammonia production following hydrolysis of NPN in the rumen → rumen microflora uses it → aa production

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3
Q

Ammoniated feed major signs

A

Hyperexcitability syndrome (nervousness, rapid blinking, ataxia, ↑ RR, impairment of vision, frequent urination/ deification, frothing, convulsions, etc)

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4
Q

Ammoniated feed target organs

A

Ammonia in the LIVER (overwhelmed) → hyperammonia and inhibition of the TCA cycle

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5
Q

Ammoniated feed treatment

A

Acepromazine and removal of suspect toxicants

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6
Q

Ammoniated feed prognosis

A

Guarded prognosis

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7
Q

Bovine bonkers

A

Pyrazines and imidazoles
Toxic ammoniated hay, ammoniated liquid molasses and protein molasses blocks
Imidazoles= convulsing agents

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8
Q

Monensin

A

Polyether ionophore (abx) produced by S. cinnamonesis

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9
Q

Monensin mechanism

A

Ioniphores form lipid- soluble complexes and transport ions across membrane between extra and intracellular spaces

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10
Q

Monensin toxicity

A

Affects Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentration leading to muscle death
horses susceptible, 2-3 Mg lethal

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11
Q

Signs of Monensin toxicity

A

Colic, excessive sweating
Diarrhea, anorexia
Abnormal/staggering gait
Muscle weakness

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12
Q

Monensin lesions

A

Epicardial and endocardial hemorrhage
Paleness/ streaking of ventricular myocardium, loss of heart muscle tone, hydrothorax
Ascites
Pulmonary congestion, hepatomegaly, hemorrhage of skeletal muscle

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13
Q

Gossypol

A

Yellow polyphenolic pigment that makes cotton insect repellant

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14
Q

Gossypol common sources

A

Whole Cotten seed, cotton seed hulls, seed meal

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15
Q

Gossypol susceptibility

A

All susceptible!
Monogastrics, preruminants, and poultry most affected
Newborn dairy calves raised on bottle and calf starter ration @ greatest risk

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16
Q

Gossypol cardiotoxic effects

A

Destruction of musculature
Gradual heart failure (massive fluid buildup)
Sudden death without lesions

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17
Q

Gossypol Reproductive effects

A

Irregular estrus cycle
Inhibits sperm motility
Reduced conception and litter sizes, and abortion
Suppress progesterone

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18
Q

Nitrate/ nitrite common sources

A

High nitrite/ nitrate containing plants
Nitrate based fertilizer
Storage areas with granular nitrates

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19
Q

Nitrate MOA

A

High nitrate forage —> nitrate to nitrite to ammonia in the rumen —> excess nitrite goes into the blood —> nitrite to Hb then converted to methemoglobin

20
Q

Nitrate susceptibility

A

Occurs in all animals
Ruminants are most susceptible
Don’t fed to pregnant cattle

21
Q

Nitrate target organs

A

Vasculature and GIT

22
Q

Nitrate major clinical signs

A

Tissue O2 deprivation: exercise intolerance, dyspnea, weakness, ataxia, tachycardia, depression, tremors, musty/ cyanosis mucous membranes
Abortion

23
Q

Nitrate diagnosis

A

Excessive nitrate in plasma, serum, blood, heart blood from fetus or dam
Levels over >10 ppm nitrate in ocular fluid

24
Q

Nitrate lesions

A

Chocolate colored blood and brownish cast to all tissues
Congestion of ruminants or abomasal mucosae, GIT irritation

25
Q

Nitrate treatment and prevention

A

Methylene blue (antidote IV)
Rumen lavage- cold water and oral penicillin
Guarded prognosis

26
Q

Nitrate/ nitrite plant sources

A

Fiddleneck
Red-root pigweed
Sundangrass
Johnsongrass
Annual ryegrass
Pearl millet
Lambsquarter
Kochia

27
Q

Cyanide common sources

A

Peach greets, apricot trees arrowgrass, Johnsongrass, plum trees, cherry trees, Almond trees, elderberry

28
Q

Cyanide MOA

A

Cyanide combines with iron in cytochrome oxidase —> prevents terminal transfer of O2 —> blocks cellular respiration—> oxyHb can’t release O2 —> Hb bright red because it’s super oxygenated

29
Q

Cyanide clinical signs

A

Rapid death
Generally no signs but: involuntary poop and pee, muscle tics, dilated pupils, bitter almonds

30
Q

Cyanide toxicology

A

Seal in airtight containers and refrigerate/ freeze and submit to lab
Suspect plant material/ sources, heparinized whole blood, liver, skeletal muscles

31
Q

Cyanide treatment and prevention

A

Amyl nitrite and sodium nitrite
Sodium thiosulfate

32
Q

Cyanide lesions

A

Blood, bright red tissues
Mm cyanotic/ dark near death
Petechial hemorrhages

33
Q

Equine cystitis ataxia sorghums cystitis

A

Chronic CN tox: cyanogenic glycoside
Horses grazing sorghum-sudan hybrid grass

34
Q

Equine cystitis ataxia sorghums cystitis CS

A

Bladder inflammation: frequent urination, staggers, loss of function
Abortions, and deformed foals
Paresis/ flaccid paralysis
Caudal ataxia, incoordination, cystitis
Alopecia on hind legs

35
Q

Equine cystitis ataxia sorghums cystitis MOA

A

Axonal degeneration and myelomalacia of the SC and cerebellum

36
Q

Sodium ion Intoxication (salt poisoning, hypernatremia) MAO

A

Na enters the brain → with limited water or dehydration Na levels ↑ → high Na levels in the brain inhibit glycolysis (no energy to active Na transport) → cerebral edema

37
Q

Water deprovation/ Na ion intoxication

A

When cerebral edema induced by sudden access to large amounts of fresh water
Calves bucket or bottle fed most susceptible

38
Q

Na ion intoxication CS

A

Initially thirst and constipation
Intermittent seizures develop after re-access to water
GIT and CNS: salivation, pruritus, blindness, deaf

39
Q

Na ion intoxication lesions

A

Inflamed gastric mucosa, pinpoint ulcers
Eosinophilic meningoencephalitis
Edema/ necrosis of cerebral cortex (3-6 d after)
↑ vascularity and histiocytes in white matter

40
Q

Pigs morbidity with Na ion intoxication

A

Die during first 12 hours
Eosinophils in brain and disappear after 24-36 hrs

41
Q

Water deprivation treatment

A

Give small amounts of water at frequent intervals gradually
Diuretics (mannitol)
Anticonvulsants

42
Q

Blue green algae poisoning

A

Acute often fatal due to cyanotoxins in cyanobacteria spp → toxic to LIVER
In warm seasons

43
Q

Blue green algae poisoning susceptibility and sources

A

All spp
From drinking water: agricultural, recreational, aquaculure + fertilizer run-off

44
Q

Blue green algae poisoning MOA

A

Hepatotoxin microcystins and nodularin alter the cytoskeleton of hepatocytes
Microcystin alters phosphoyation of cytoskeleton and inhibits protein phosphatases (blebbbing of membrane)
Anatoxin A: Depolarizes nictoinic membranes and inhibits acetylcholinesterases in NS

45
Q

Blue green algae poisoning CS

A

Watery/ bloody diarrhea
Muscle tremors, paddlings, dyspnea, cyanosis, coma then death in a few days

46
Q

Blue green algae poisoning lesions

A

Hepatomegaly and hemorrhage
Clumps of greenish cyanobacteria in GIT
Green stain: mouth, legs, nose, feet

47
Q

Blue green algae poisoning supplements

A

Chorella, spirulina

1. Toxicology (14 decks)

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