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1. Toxicology > Poisonous Plants > Flashcards

Poisonous Plants Flashcards

1
Q

Insoluble oxalate plant targets

A

Dogs and cats kept inside
Targets: GIT (mouth), eye, resp.

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2
Q

Treatment of Insoluble oxalate plants

A

Irrigate oral cavity
Oral calcium
Pain meds (NSAIDs)

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3
Q

Alocasia (elephant ear)

A

Insoluble calcium oxalate
Cats, dogs, horses

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4
Q

CS of elephant ear toxicity

A

Oral irritation, intense burning
Excessive drooling, vomiting, difficulty swallowing

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5
Q

Epipremnum aureum (pothos) and Peace lilies (Spathiphyllum sp.)

A

Dogs, cats, children
Insoluble calcium oxalates and uknown proteins

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6
Q

CS of pothos and peace lily toxicity

A

Immediate burning and inflammation of mouth and throat
Head shaking, extended tongue
Pain, salivation, dyspnea, V/D

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7
Q

Dumbcane (Dieffenbachia)

A

ICO and unknown proteins
Targets skin, mm, oropharynx

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8
Q

Phildendron in cats

A

ICO
CNS: convulsions and encephalitis in cats

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9
Q

Other ICO plants

A

Snake plant (sansevieria)
Umbrella plant (schefflera)
Caladium (araceae)

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10
Q

Soluble oxalate plants

A

Cattle and sheep
Targets GI and kidney
Poor prognosis

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11
Q

Soluble oxalate plant sources

A

Beats and dock (rumex), halogeton, Greasewood, rhubarb, tropical grasses (setaria, kochia),

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12
Q

Soluble oxalate plant MOA

A

SO complex with serum Ca forming Ca oxalate → 20% depletion of ionized Ca and functional hypocalcemia → crystals in urine

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13
Q

Soluble oxalate plant CS

A

Ruminal atony, bloat, twitching, ataxia, teeth grinding, seizures, death

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14
Q

Soluble oxalate plants treatment

A

IV Ca gluconate, IV fluid diuresis, analgesics, GIT protectants, pain meds

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15
Q

Halogeton

A

SO
Severe nephrosis with uremia and hypocalcemia

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16
Q

Cardiac glycosides soruces

A

Fox glove
Oleander
Lily of the Valley
Asclepias (milkweeds)
Dogbane

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17
Q

Foxglove MOA

A

Inhibits Na, K ATPase enzyme → elevates intra Na exchanged for Ca → greater myocardial contractility → ↓ resting membrane potential

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18
Q

Foxglove

A

CVS and GIT
Treat: symptomatic digoxin FAB
Guarded prognosis

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19
Q

Oleander distribution

A

Tropical - FL and CA - gardens and yards

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20
Q

Kalanchoe

A

Cardiac glycoside affecting cats and dogs
Depression, ↑ RR, teeth grinding, ataxia, paralysis, death

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21
Q

Milk weeds (asclepias)

A

Tuberosa and Subverticillata

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22
Q

Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids (PAs)

A

Diseases: Seneciosis, hepatic cirrhosis, venoocclusive disease
Senecia, Crotalaria and cyanoglossum spp

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23
Q

Senecia and Crotalaria spp

A

Livestock, cattle and horses
Hepatotoxicity

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24
Q

Senna/ Cassia spp. (sickle pod, coffeeweed)

A

Senoside
GIT, skeletal and heart muscles
Laxative effects

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25
Q

Poison Hemlock (conium maculatum)

A

Piperidine alkaloids with nicotinic effects
Targets NS

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26
Q

Posion hemlock CS

A

Mousey odor of breath and urine
Dilated pupils, weakness, staggering, slow pulse, teratogenic, death

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27
Q

Water hemlock (cicuta spp)

A

Wet moist areas
Resinoids: cicutoxin and cicutol toxins

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28
Q

Water hemlock CS

A

Rapid onset of violent convulsions
Death within 15-30 minutes
Targets CNS
Seizures

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29
Q

Lantana cumara

A

Triterpenoids
Puppies and cattle

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30
Q

Lantana cumara CS

A

Liver toxicosis: jaundice
Constipation and loss of appetite

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31
Q

Death angel (amanita phalloides)

A

Ibotenic and muscimol
Targets the liver
CS: tachycardia, hypotension, ataxia, seizures, coma, death, etc.

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32
Q

Treated death angel toxicosis

A

Diazepam (symptomatic)

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33
Q

Marijuana (cannabis sativa)

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
CS: ataxia, incoordination, depression/ excitement, vomiting and dry mm, hyperthermia and tachycardia

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34
Q

Treatment for THC toxicity

A

Supportive, ventilation and diazepam

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35
Q

Lillies (lilum sp)

A

All parts nephrotoxic
Cats
Elevated creatinine, BUN, P and K
Acute tubular necrosis

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36
Q

Oak bud poisoning (acorn)

A

Tannic acid, pyrogallol
Common in cattle and sheep
Gi effects, perierenal edema and icterus

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37
Q

Onion and garlic

A

N-propyl disulfide
Denatures Hb → heinz bodies and acute hemolysis
Cattle and dogs

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38
Q

Xylitol MOA

A

Stimulates insulin → severe hypoglycemia → acute hepatic failure and coagulopathies

39
Q

Sago palm (cycadaceae spp)

A

Cycasin, BMAA
Cycasin irritates GIT → vomiting
CS: GIT, CNS/ neurotoxic, hepatotoxic

40
Q

Azaleas and Rhododendrons

A

Grayantoxin (adromedotoxins)
Binds Na channels in excitable membranes → interferes with normal skeletal, cardiac m. and n. function

41
Q

CS of Azalea toxicosis

A

Salivation, lacrimation, V/D, dyspnea, m. weakness, numbness, convulsions, coma and death

42
Q

Castor Bean (Ricinus communis)

A

Ricin alkaloid (seeds)
Targets GIT and liver
CS: emesis, diarrhea. nausea, nephrotox
Laxative and induce labor

43
Q

Daffodil (narcissus)

A

Lysoin alkaloids
V/D, hypotension, weakness, deaths (rare)

44
Q

Autumn Crocus (Colchicum autumnale)

A

Colchicine inhibits spindle formation during cell division
CS: GIT, burning in mouth, neuropathies, arrhythmias , renal and liver failure

45
Q

Treatment for Autumn Crocus

A

Colchitine FAB fragments (symptomatically)

46
Q

Cyclamen

A

Terpenoid saponins
Dogs and cats
Salivation, V/D, heart rhythm abnormalities , seizures, death

47
Q

Larkspur (delphinium)

A

Dogs and cats
Diterpene alkaloids
Neuromuscular paralysis, cardiac failure and resp. paralysis

48
Q

Horse tail (Equisetrum spp.)

A

Toxicosis in 1-4 weeks
Thiaminases inhibit vit. B1
CS: unthriftiness, WL, emaciation, coma and death

49
Q

Cocklebur (Xanthium)

A

Carboxyatractyloside
Inhibits ATP transport in mitochondria
Prog: poor to guarded

50
Q

CS of cocklebur toxicosis

A

GI: colic, tenderness, liver toxicosis
NS: depression and convulsions
Path: centrilobular necrosis, hemorr. nephritis

51
Q

Pigweed (amaranthus retroflexus)

A

Oxalates and nitrates
Swine and livestock
Perirenal edema and ascites

52
Q

Bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum)

A

Thiaminase → inactivates VB1
Enzootic hematuria in cattle and sheep

53
Q

Bracken Staggers

A

Horses and pigs (acute form)
Treat: Thiamine solution
Poor prog in cattle, good to guarded in horses

54
Q

Tall Fescue toxicity (lolium arundinacea) diseases

A

Ergot alkaloids
Fescue foot, summer slump, summer syndrome, summer fescue toxicosis, fat necrosis, lipomatosis

55
Q

Fescue toxicosis CL

A

Lameness, heat intolerance, alagacia, prolonged gestation, abortions, fetal dysmaturity, dystocia, retained fetal mem.

56
Q

Sudan grass (sorghum spp.)

A

Livestock
Hydrocyanic acid, nitrate and photosensitization

57
Q

CS of sudan grass toxicity

A

Dyspnea, bloat, staggering, convulsions, death
Bright red blood to dark chocoalte

58
Q

Sudan grass treatment

A

CN: Na nitrate and Na thiosulfate
NO3: methylene blue

59
Q

Night shade (atropa belladonna)

A

Pigs most affected
Anticholinergic. parasympathetic (hyoscine/ atropine alkaloids)

60
Q

CS of night shade

A

CNS: rendering n. endings in involuntary m. paralysis, mydriasis, sensitivity to light, blurred vision, confusion, convulsions

61
Q

Jimson Weed, Angel’s trumpet

A

Hyoscyamine, atropine, scopolamine
Anticholinergic, parasympatholytic

62
Q

Jimson weed toxicosis CS

A

Flushed skin, thirst, mydriasis, visual problems, wander, m. twitching
Hallucinations, delirium, resp. tachycardia, death

63
Q

Choke cherry (prunus spp)

A

Cyanogenic glycoside
Blood bright cherry red but can’t deliver oxygen

64
Q

Choke cherry MOA

A

Cyanide combines with iron in cytochrome oxidase → prevents terminal O2 transfer and blocking cellular resp. → oxyHb can’t relaease O2 for electron transport

65
Q

Red Maple (Acer

A

Horses
Anorexia, pale mm, red-brown urine
Tx: charcoal, mineral oil, fluids

66
Q

Locoweed (atragulus and oxytropis)

A

Livestock
Obligate selenium accumulator
Swainsonine

67
Q

Locoweed CS

A

Chronic syndrome, depression, emaciation, incoordination, dull coat, alopecia, abortions, neurologic effects

68
Q

Yew (taxus)

A

Taxine
Cattle, horse, dog, cat
CS: sudden death from acute cardiac failure, tremors, dyspnea
Seizures in dogs

69
Q

Yellow Star Thistle/ Yellow Knapweed (Centura spp.)

A

Alkaloids
Equine
Nigropallidal encephalomalacia - chewing disease

70
Q

Yellow star thistle lesions

A

Liquefactive necrosis
Necrosis of substantia nigra and globus pallidus

71
Q

Stinging nettle/ bull nettle, nettle spurge

A

Hairs with histamine, ACh, serotonin and formic acid
Dogs
MOA: Parasympathomimetic stimulatin from ACh

72
Q

Stinging Nettle CS

A

Salivation, burning of mouth, m. weakness, trembling, vomiting, dyspnea, borchoconstriction, ↓ HR and irreg beat

73
Q

Stinging nettle treatment

A

Atropine, antihistamine

74
Q

Amaryllis

A

Lycorine
Dogs and cats
V/D, depression, hypersalivation, tremor, anorexia, electrolyte imbalance
Good prog

75
Q

Tulip and Narcissus bulbs

A

Dogs, cats, horses
Tulipalin A and B
Highest conc in bulb

76
Q

Chrysanthemum

A

Dogs, cats, horses
Sesquiterpene, lactones, pyrenthrins
V/D, hypersalivation, incoordiantion, dermatitis

77
Q

Ilex (American Holly)

A

Saponins
Dog, cat, horses

78
Q

Aloe

A

Dogs and cats
Anthraquinones, anthracene glycosides
Vomiting, urine color is red

79
Q

Pokeweed

A

Oxalic acid, phytolaccatoxin
Targets GIT: bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, hemolytic anemia, convulsions

80
Q

Pokeweed lesions

A

Ulcerative gastritis, mucosal hemorrhage, congested discolored liver

81
Q

Corn plant/ Dragon tree

A

Saponins
Dogs and cats
GIT: V/D, gastroenteritis, drooling, lethargy, dilated pupils

82
Q

Monkshood

A

Aconite (shedding blood- weapon!)
↑ salivation, V/D, BP, heartbeat irreg., coma and death

83
Q

Black walnut (Jugans nigra)

A

Juglons
Horse
Cs: laminitis and distal edema

84
Q

Perilla Mint

A

Cattle and horses
Pungent odor
Perilla ketone
Targets the lung
Tx: antihist, steroids, abx

85
Q

Perilla mint CS

A

Resp. distress, dyspnea, pulmonary emphysema and edema
Pleural effusion

86
Q

Eupatorium rugosum (White snakeroot)

A

Tremetol
Livestock
Causes milk sickness and death in early US settlers

87
Q

White snakeroot CS

A

Depression, ataxia, tremors, seizures, coma and death
CHF and hepatoxicity

88
Q

Primary photosentizing plants

A

St. John’s wort
Buckwheat
Spring parsley (cymoptesus)
Duthman’s breeches
Trifolium
Medicago

89
Q

Primary photosentization

A

Ingested or through skin (makes skin cells more sensitive to sunlight)
Signs: itching, redness, swelling, sloughing

90
Q

St. Joh’s Wort

A

Dogs, cats, horses
Ulcerative and exudative dermatitis
Used for antidepressants, anti inflamm, wounds, chronic fatigue, PMS, menopausal issues

91
Q

St. John’s Wort adverse

A

↑ BP, hallucinations, ↑body temp

92
Q

Secondary photosentization

A

Most common
Failure to excrete phylloerythrin from chlorophyll → absorbed and released light energy → phototoxic rx

93
Q

Secondary photosentizing plants

A

Senecia,
Lantana
Agava Lechigeulla

1. Toxicology (14 decks)

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