Selected Toxins Flashcards
Acetaminophen toxicosis
Cats more susceptible than dogs due to limited ability to conjugate drugs as glucorindes
CS of Acetaminophen toxicosis
Liver damage in dogs, icterus
Cyanosis, edema, lacrimation, pruritus, brown mm, tachycardia, etc.
Dx of Acetaminophen toxicosis
Methemoglobinemia, heinz body formation, hemolytic anemia (cats)
Renal failure
Liver damage (dogs)
Acetaminophen toxicosis hepatotoxicity
Elevated liver enzymes, BR
Dark chocolate blood, mottled liver
Centrilobular necrosis
Palpebral conjunctivitis
Acetaminophen toxicosis treatment
Detox (emesis, charcoal)
N-acetylcysteine
Supplemental (O2, ascorbic acid, cimetidine)
Aspirin MOA
Nonselective PG inhibitor
COX inhibition
Uncouple mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
Aspirin CS
GIT: hemorrhage, vomit, diarrhea, ulcers
Anemia, renal and liver failure
Aspirin target organs
GIT
Aspirin treatment
Decontam, sucralfate
Methyl xanthines sources
Coffee, tea, nonalcoholic drinks, choco, caffeine
Stimulant tablets, choco poisoning and coco bean mulch
Methyl xanthines pharmacological effects
Release intracellular Ca → stimulates CNS, ↑ contractility of cardiac and skeletal muscles
Chocolate poisoning
Chococlate residues in GIT, gastroenteritis, congested organs
Chocolate may contain both _____________ and ____________
Caffeine and theobromine
Theobromine content in chocolate
Most: cocoa powder and dark chocolate
Ethylene glycol (antifreeze) MOA
Directly on CNS → hypocalcemia
Metabolic acidosis
Renal tubular blockage
Caclium oxalate crystals
Ethylene glycol sources
Antifreeze mixtures → drinking water drained from car radiators
Ethylene glycol species
All affected
Commonly in dogs and cats
Ethylene glycol target organs
Kidney!!! - Ca oxalate crystals, anuria, uremia
GIT- dark brown gastric mucosa with hemorrhage
Ethylene glycol diagnosis
Histopathology most useful
Ethylene glycol treatment
Detox: gastric lavage, emesis, catharsis
Antidote: ethanol, 4-methyl pyrazole
Ca borogluconate for hypocalcemia
Petrolium hydrocarbons mechanism of toxicosis
Direct irritation of mucous membranes
Pulmonary/ resp. infections
GIT effects: vomiting and bloat
Aspiration pneumonia
Petrolium hydrocarbons target organs
Lungs: congested, foreign body pneumonia, fibrinous pleuritis, hydrothorax
Dioxins major clinical effects
Chloracne (skin eruption)
Teratogenic/ carcinogenic
Immunodepression; thyrotoxic
Hepatic induction, adrenocortical failure
TETRACHLORODIBENZODIOXIN (toxic)
Fluoride mechanism of toxicosis
Replaces hydroxyapatite in crystalline structure of bone → delayed and altered mineralization
Fluoride species
Cattle
Fluoride target organs
Teeth and bones
Fluoride CS
Weak teeth
Excessive pitting and dental wear
Teeth brown or black
Xylitol sources
Sugar alcohol used in sweeteners/ sugar free products
Gums, candy, baked goods
Xylitol species
Dogs most affected
Xylitol toxic effects
Severe hypoglycemia
Hepatic necrosis
Xylitol treatment
Decontaminate and dextrose
Grapes/ raisins species
Dogs (idiopathic)
Grapes/ raisins toxic effects
Acute kidney failure (foul breath, oliguria, anuria, , abdominal pain)
Coma and death
Tremors and seizures
Grapes/ raisins lesions
Ulcers on oral mucosa
Avocado toxic syndromes
Myocarditis, myocardial necrosis
Cardiac insufficiency
Mastitis
Edema of lips and tongue
Avocado target organs
GIT and CVS
Raw dough bread toxic syndrome
Gastric distention
Metabolic acidosis
CNS depression
Respiratory compromise
Macadamia nuts toxic syndrome
Vomit, anorexia, weakness, hyperthermia, CNS depression
