Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1. Toxicology > Clinical toxicology lecture 1 > Flashcards

Clinical toxicology lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Hemlock

A

Drink it as a Greek capital punishment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Aconite

A

Soldiers dipping arrows

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What did King Mithridates do?

A

Sampled poisons to build resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Paracelsus

A

Father of modern toxicology
Said that all substances are poisons, the dose determines if a remedy or poison

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Threshold dose

A

Highest dose that doesn’t cause obvious adverse effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ED1

A

Effective Dose, dosage affective in 1% of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

NOEL

A

Highest dose where no significant effect occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

LOEL

A

Lowest dose where a significan effect occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

NOAEL

A

No observable adverse effect level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Dosage

A

Amount of toxin/ drug per body wt (mg/kg/day)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Dose

A

Total amount the animal receives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Acute responses/ effects

A

Redness, swelling, pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chronic responses/ effects

A

Contraction, organization, loss of pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Timely effect of toxins

A

(Fastest) peracute –> acute –> subacute –> subchronic –> chronic –> accumulation –> delayed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which gov organization approved drugs?

A

FDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Acute toxicity

A

Single and short term exposure
Effects observed <24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Subacute toxicity

A

Repeat exposure to small doses
30 days or less, two week studies
Effects cellular functions and tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Subchronic toxicity

A

Repeated exposure
Study of toxic effects for 1-3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Chronic toxicity

A

Long term exposure
Used to demonstrate general toxicity and carcinogensis
Period usually > one year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chronicity factor (CR)

A

Ratio of acute chronic LD50
CR= acute LD50/ chronic LD50
Chemical accumulates if CR >2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Inhereited sensitivities of MDR1 gene mutation

A

Ivermectin
Butorphenol
Anticancer drugs (doxrubricin, vincristine)
Acepromazine
Immodium
Mibemycin
Erythomycin
Rifampin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Routes of administration

A

Oral*
IV, IM, SC
Dermal*
Inhalation*
Intrathecal
Sublingual
Intraocular
Transdermal

23
Q

Factors influencing toxic responses

A
  1. Composition of sample (purity & solubility)
  2. Physiological features (species, age, gender)
  3. Route of administration
  4. Pathological conditions (liver & kidney)
  5. Diet (ingredients, quality & quantity)
24
Q

Exposure

A

Poison/ drugs gain entry —> drugs transported to site of action —> drugs bind to receptors (DR complex) —> initiates rx (effect/ response) —> drug removed from receptor —> drug excreted from body

25
Q

Dose response relationship

A

Biological response is related to the dose
Different in different species as well as the same species

26
Q

How is dose response used?

A

To determine margin of safety
Optimize dosage schedule (efficacy)
Predict toxicity poisoning

27
Q

Biological variation

A

Dose can produce a variety of responses in a population
Determines repulse of a large # of individuals
Predicts the response of an individual within a certain range of probability

28
Q

How is Dose-response plotted?

A

Log dose v. Percent response

29
Q

Methods to predict dose response relationships

A
  1. Graded DR (overall effect)
  2. Frequency/ Quantal DR (% responding/ population)
30
Q

Therapeutic index

A

TI= LD50/ ED50
Ratio between lethal dose (50%) and effective dose (50%)- no units

31
Q

Margin of safety (MS/MoS/ SSM)

A

MS= LD1/ ED99
Ratio between lethal dose (1%) and effective dose (99%)- no units
BETTER SAFETY ASSESSMENT THAN TI

32
Q

Toxicokinetics abbreviated

A

Concentration: Cp
Volume of distribution (Vdss)
Clearance (Cl)
Bioavailability (F)

33
Q

Half life

A

t1/2
Time required to decrease concentration to one half

34
Q

Parts per _____ conversions

A

1 ppm = mg/kg= ug/g
1 ppb = ug/kg= ng/g
1 ppt = ng/kg= pg/g

35
Q

Expression of chemical concentrations

A

Kg= 1000 g
1g =1000 mg
1 mg= 1000 ug
1 ug = 1000 ng
1 ng= 1000 pg

36
Q

To convert PPM to %…

A

Move decimal 4 points to the left
1 ppm: 0.0001%
10 ppm: 0.001%
to convert % to PPM move to right

37
Q

Additive effects

A

When 2 or more chemicals combine and produce a chemical with a total effect equal to the sum of the effects of each inidival chemical in the rx
Ex: 1+1=2

38
Q

Synergistic effects

A

The combined effect of 2 compounds are drastically greater than the sum of 2 effects
Ex: 1+1=10

39
Q

Antagonism

A

Toxic effect of chemical A (agonist) can be reduced when give with chemical B (antagonist)
Ex; 1+1=0

40
Q

Antagonist are used as_________

A

Antidotes (because they reduce toxicity)

41
Q

Potentiation

A

A chemical doesn’t have a specific toxic effect, makes another chemical more toxic
Ex: 1+0= 2

42
Q

Routes of exposure/ administration

A
  1. Oral/ GI (water or fat soluble)
  2. Dermal- percutaneous (environmental contaminants)
  3. Inhalation, respiratory, pulmonary (gas, liquid, solid, size of particles)
43
Q

Oral/ GI

A

Generally toxicants in food or water
Some unstable in acidic stomach
Some taken up by liver and partially destroyed
Some removed in stomach, duodenum, large bowel and feces

44
Q

Dermal/ Percutaneous

A

Toxicants must be in a soluble vehicle, capable to penetrating keratin, and enter a BV

45
Q

What other factors contribute to dermal administration?

A

Duration fo exposure
PPE/ skin protectants
Integrity of the skin

46
Q

What does distribution depend on?

A

Blood flow
Ability to cross the cell wall
Lipid solubility/ physiochemical properties

47
Q

Central compartment

A

High perfused (blood flow to tissues)
Blood, kidney, liver

48
Q

Peripheral compartment

A

Less blood flow tissues
Fat, bone, muscle

49
Q

Biotransformation/ Metabolism organ capabilities

A

Greatest: liver
Major potential: kidney, GIT, skin
Great fetus potential: brain, heart, placenta

50
Q

Objective of biotransformation

A

Make chemical more soluble
Enhance urinary and binary excretion
Decrease toxicity fo chemicals

51
Q

Storage of xenobiotics

A

Storage can be a protective mechanism and potentiate toxicosis

52
Q

Storage sites in the body

A

Depending on the drug:
Fat, plasma proteins, bone, liver, kidneys, BBB

53
Q

FARAD: Residue Avoidance Database

A

Computer based program designed to provide practical info on how to avoid drug , pesticide, and environmental contaminant residue problems
Target: livestock producers, extension specialists and vets

1. Toxicology (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions