Zoonotic Disease Emergence Flashcards
genetic and biological factors of disease emergence
- microbial adaptation and change
- host susceptibility to infection
physical environment factors of disease emergence
- climate and weather
- urbanization and land use
Ecological factors of disease emergence
- changing ecosystems
- human demographics and behavior
social political and economic factors of disease emergence
- international travel and commerce
- technology + industry
- breakdown of public health measures
- poverty and social inequity
factors promoting zoonoses transmission
- frequent contact (people-animal, animal-animal, habitat loss, vector expanion)
- animal husbandry + health (nontraditional pets, intensive production systems)
- personal hygeine
- Globalization
strategies for mitigating future disease emergence
- novel Vxs
- address antimicrobial resistance
- grow one health practioners
- build predictive capability
- reduce effects of poverty and inequality
factors that promote the transmission of zoonotic diseases
- wildlife trade
- increased contact
- globalization
immunocompromised / high risk humans
- HIV/AIDS
- chemotherapy, chronic disease
- elderly
- pregnant women
- children
- frequent travelers
high risk occupations
- livestock producers, vets, zookeepers, lab techs
what are some human focused prevention strategies
- good hygiene
- PPE/barrier precautions
- food preparation
- avoid contact w/ secretions of pets/other animals
- vector mitigation - prevent exposure
what are animal focused prevention strategies
- pet vaccines
- mitigation of dietary factors (hunting and raw meat diets)
- parasite and vector control
- screening and txt
public setting prevention strategies
- public settings (childcare/school/pet stores/ petting zoos)
- consider: handwashing, falling/sitting on group, food/pacifier
prevention strategies at Vet clinics and hospitals
- NASPHV compendium of vet standard precautions
- handwashing locations
- PPE
- env infection control (laundry, medical waste, vector control)
- species attention to bites/scratches
- employee health plan
communicate directly w/ HCPs for
immunocompromised
children
nursing facilities
Primary causes of immunodeficiency
congenital acquisition
manifested by recurrent or persistent infections or developmental delay
secondary causes of immunodeficiency
immune system damaged later in life
- age, malnutrition, infection/disease, medical treatments
children under ___years of age are at greater risk for disease
5
_______animals are more likely to be infected/infectious
young
what are high risk species (more likely to carry zoonotic diseases)
- reptiles
- some birds
- non human primates
- exotic species
- wildlife
Human animal contact special risk situations
- routine care: raw meat diets promote shedding of Salmonella and E.coli
- Fecal contact while cleaning litter box
- Cleaning reptile habitats
Bartonella henselae
cat scatch disease
Toxoplasma gondii
Toxoplasmosis
Staphylococcus aureus
MRSA
Chlamydophila psittaci
psittacocis (avian chlamydiosis)
Mycobacterium
TB, leprosy
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus
LCM, rodent borne
Preventing Zoonotic Diseases in Pets
- reputable commercial diet
- yearly exams
- UTD on Vxs
- keep env and feeding areas clean
