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PUBLIC HEALTH > Rabies > Flashcards

Rabies Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Rabies virus is neurotropic

A

T

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2
Q

what family of organisms does the rabies virus come from

A

Rhabdoviridae

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3
Q

what are the major wildlife carriers of rabies in US

A

Racoons
skunks
foxes
bats

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4
Q

are rodents considered reservoirs for rabies?

A

no

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5
Q

are dogs and cats in the US reservoirs for rabies?

A

NO

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6
Q

US has been declared free of canine rabies since _____?

A

2007
this DOES NOT mean that they can’t still get rabies

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7
Q

what is the primary rabies virus variant outside of the US

A

Canine rabies
imported docs are an ongoing concern

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8
Q

how is rabies virus transmitted?

A

through direct contact w/ fresh saliva or brain/nervous system tissue from an infected animal

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9
Q

what are the 2 major categories of direct contact in rabies transmission

A

Bite
non-bite: contamination of open wounds with saliva from rabid animal

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10
Q

does indirect contact with rabies constitute exposure

A

No

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11
Q

examples of indirect contact w/ rabies

A

petting or handling an animal
contact w/ blood, urine, feces or skunk spray
contact of saliva with intact skin

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12
Q

between 2000-2020, ___% of human rabies infectious in US were bat-associated variant

A

82%

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13
Q

any direct contact w/ a bat should be considered potential rabies exposure unless

A

bat is tested negative

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14
Q

how can human-human rabies exposure occur

A

organ transplantation

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15
Q

is caring for a person with rabies considered exposure

A

no

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16
Q

_______period occurs from infection to virus shedding

A

latent

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17
Q

_____period is from infection to clinical signs. lasts 5 days longer than the latent period

A

incubation

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18
Q

T/F dogs usually shed rabies virus in their saliva for days before clinical signs develop

A

T

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19
Q

The infected animal usually dies within ____ days of clinical onset

A

7

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20
Q

incubation periods are dependent on what

A

site of bite wound/inoculation
wound care
previous vaccination/presence of antibodies

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21
Q

incubation period range ?

A

3-12 weeks

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22
Q

rabies virus binds to ______ receptors at the neuromuscular junction

A

nicotinic acetylcholine

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23
Q

initial clinical signs

A

variable, rapidly progressive neurologic course
- inappetence, difficulty swallowing (looks like choking), cranial nerve deficits, abnormal behavior, ataxia, paralysis, seizures

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24
Q

T/F: a normally nocturnal wild animal that is active during the day and showing less fear of humans is highly suspect of rabies

A

T

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25
Q

T/F: progression to death is usually rapid within a week

A

T

26
Q

are there any effective rabies antiviral drugs?

A

no

27
Q

what are the 3 stages of CNS infection

A

Prodromal
Excitative
Paralytic

27
Q

Prodromal stage of CNS infection

A

1-3 days characterized by behavioral changes

28
Q

Excitative stage of CNS infection (“furious rabies”)

A

3-4 days, animal tends to be hyper reactive

29
Q

Paralytic stage of CNS infection

A

“dumb rabies” damage to motor neurons causes incoordination, drooling and difficulty swallowing, death usually by respiratory arrest

30
Q

how is death usually caused in rabies

A

respiratory arrest

31
Q

T/F: Rabies diagnosis can only be obtained post-mortem

A

true

32
Q

guidelines for submitting head for rabies testing

A

include brainstem
refrigerated
not chemically fixed

33
Q

symptoms of rabies in humans

A

early onset: nausea, headache, fever, sore throat
rapidly progresses into acute neurological phase

34
Q

case fatality rate in humans w/ rabies

A

> 99%

35
Q

how is rabies confirmed in humans

A

post mortem diagnosis of brain

36
Q

NASPHV recommends rabies for what domestic animals

A

all dogs, cats, ferrets , horses and livestock (cattle, sheep) with frequent human contact

37
Q

T/F: regardless of the age at initial vaccination, animals should be boosted in one year

A

true

38
Q

T/F: in AZ, rabies Vx can be administered by a tech under DVM supervision

A

T

39
Q

animals are considered immunized _____ days after vaccination

A

28

40
Q

T/F: boostered animals are considered immediately immune

A

T

41
Q

what is a typical vaccination schedule for dogs

A

initial Vx: 3 months of age
booster one year later
booster every 3 years

42
Q

when can oral rabies vaccines be used

A

for mass vaccination of carnivores

43
Q

are there any licensed parenteral rabies Vx for use in wild animals

A

no

44
Q

Explain the Pre-exposure prevention (PREP) in humans

A

2 doses of RV (days 0 and 7)
serological testing every 10 years

45
Q

post-exposure prophylaxis in humans is considered a medical _____, not an emergency

A

urgency

46
Q

post-exposure prophylaxis includes

A
  • wound treatment
  • local infiltration of RIG
  • vaccination
47
Q

post-exposure regimen for humans previously unvaccinated

A

thorough wound cleaning
RIG w/ 1st dose RV
4 doses of RV days 0,3,7,14

48
Q

post-exposure regimen for human previously vaccinated

A

thorough wound cleaning
RV on days 0,3

49
Q

what to do if pet who is utd on RV gets exposed to rabies

A

revaccinate immediately, 45 day quarantine

50
Q

what to do if pet is unvaccinated and exposed to rabies

A

euthanized unless owner unwilling then vaccinate and place in quarantine for 4 months

51
Q

Post-exposure prophylaxis in animals

A

vaccinate within 96 hrs of exposure
boostered at 3rd and 8th week
quarantined 90 days

52
Q

what state has a law that allows for Post exposure prophylaxis in animals

A

Texas

53
Q

what to do if a pet is overdue for rabies vx booster WITH DOCUMENTATION is exposed to rabies

A

booster immediately followed by owner observation for 45 days

54
Q

what to do if pet is overdue for booster WITHOUT DOCUMENTATION is exposed to rabies

A

treat as if unvaccinated OR prospective serologic monitoring

55
Q

Explain prospective serological monitoring

A

Day 0 - blood sample taken before boostering. then booster animal and place in quarantine

day 5 (no later than day 7) collect second blood sample for titer

if adequate response - consider the animal vaccinated, 45 day quarantine

if inadequate response - consider unvaccinated and put into 6 month quarantine

56
Q

what to do if unvaccinated livestock is exposed to rabies

A

euthanize
if Os unwilling, confine and observe 6 mo

57
Q

what to do if currently vaccinated livestock is exposed to rabies

A

revaccinate and observe 45 days

58
Q

commercial slaughter of livestock exposed to rabies is prohibited for ___months post exposure

A

8

59
Q

What to do if an owned dog, cat or ferret bites a human

A

regardless of vaccination status, DO NOT VAX FOR 10 DAYS
if animal healthy after 10 days = no rabies exposure
if signs suggestive of rabies develop, euthanize

60
Q

what to do if UNowned animals bite a human

A

euth and tested

61
Q

does the human rabies Vx count as rabies exposure

A

no - killed virus

PUBLIC HEALTH (18 decks)

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