WEEK ONE Flashcards
what is a zoonotic disease
a disease communicable b/w humans and animals under natural conditions
- both way transmission
- can be direct or indirect
examples of direct zoonoses
- rabies
- intestinal parasites
- psittacosis
examples of indirect zoonoses
- RMSF (tick vector)
- west nile encephalitis (mosquito vector)
- chagas disease
what is health
state of COMPLETE physical, mental and social well-being. not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
what is the essence of public health
to maximize benefits for the highest number of people while protecting individual rights
what is market justice
- individual responsibility
- minimal obligation to the common good
- fundamental freedom to all individuals to be left alone
what is social justice
minimal levels of income, basic housing, employment, education and health care as fundamental rights
preventable death and disability ought to be minimized
what are the 6 domains of veterinary public health contributions
- diagnosis
- surveillance
- epidemiology
- control
- prevention
- elimination of zoonotic diseases
what does the FDA regulate
all food and food ingredients introduced into or offered for sale in interstate commerce EXCEPT meat, poultry and certain egg products
who regulates animal drugs, feeds and veterinary devices
FDA’s center for veterinary medicine
who regulates animal vaccines and biologics
USDA
who regulates pesticides
EPA
who regulates topically applied Flea and Tick preventatives
EPA b/c considered a pesticide
who regulates heartworm prevention
FDA
who regulates orally administered flea control products
FDA
most insecticides are subject to the federal insecticide, fungicide and rodenticide act, administered by the …?
EPA
what is the FSIS
food safety and inspection services
protects public from foodborne illness and ensures meat, poultry and egg products are safe, wholesome and correctly packaged
What is APHIS
animal and plant health inspection
- addresses animal welfare, biotechnology, wildlife damage and global trade
what is the state veterinarian responsible for
directly protecting livestock, poultry and aquaculture industries of the state
indirectly protecting the public through the prevention, early detection, containment and eradication of economically important livestock, poultry, and fish diseases
who is the AZ state veterinarian
DR. Ryan Wolker
what is the role of state public health veterinarians
zoonotic disease control and prevention, directly focusing on protecting public health
typically are in the health dept divisions of epidemiology, toxicology or environmental health
who do state public health veterinarians work for
state health department
who do state veterinarians work for
state agriculture department
what is the main difference b/w state veterinarian and state public health veterinarian
SV: primarily target livestock diseases and industry
SPHV: work primarily in zoonotic disease control and prevention
what is the role of the national association of state public health veterinarians
NASPHV helps direct and develop public health procedures involving zoonotic disease in the US
what is the role of the US House Veterinary Medicine Claus (founded 2017)
Provides a forum to keep members informed about the opportunities and challenges facing veterinary medicine
helps increase awareness of the importance of veterinary medicine on research, public health, animal health and
welfare, food safety, and the overall economy
helps introduce key legislation that impacts vet med
what is the role of the US Senate VetMed Caucus
founded in 2023
created to inform public policy that recognizes the role of vets in all forms of clinical and non-clinical roles
what is considered a reportable and notifiable disease
usually infectious and communicable diseases that may endanger a population
animal diseases of great economic importance
what organization maintains a list of reportable diseases
World Organization For Animal Health Reportable Diseases
what agencies to AZ vets have to report potential zoonotic diseases to
AZ dept of Agriculture
AZ game and fish dept
AZ dept of health services
Veterinary Official (VO)
State Animal Health Ofifcial (SHO)
what agencies do all vets have to report potential communicable zoonotic diseases to
Veterinary Official (VO) and the State Animal Health Ofifcial (SHO)
10 greatest public health achievements
- immunizations
- motor vehicle safety
- workplace safety
- infectious disease control
- declines in death (heart and stroke)
- safer and healthier food
- healthier moms and babies
- family planning
- water fluorination
- tobacco control
what does estimating life expectancy take into account
predicting the probability of surviving successive years of life
based on observed age specific mortality rates
who tf is Austin Bradford Hill
- english epidemiologist + statistician
- pioneered the randomized clinical trial
- along w/ Dr. Richard Doll, showed connection b/w cig smoking and lung cancer
“Bradford Hill” criteria for determining casual association
what is the #1 killer of people of all ages
cardiovascular disease
Differences in health outcomes that are systematic, avoidable or unjust
health INEQUITIES
differences in health outcomes b/w groups within a population
health disparities
what are some factors that lead to health disparities
- poverty
- env threats
- inadequate access to health care
- individual and behavioral factors
- educational inequalities
what has the most profound effect on health disparities
access to care through stable health insurance coverage
what are the 5 domains of social determinants of health
- Economic stability
- education access and quality
- health care access and quality
- neighborhood / environment
- social and community context
____ in 10 ppl live in poverty in the US
1 in 10
People with steady _______ are less likely to live in poverty and more likely to be healthy
employment
People with higher levels of _______are more likely to be healthier and live longer
education
what is AZPHA and what does it do
Arizona public health association
- takes position on policy issues and ballot propositions that impact public health
in US what are some leading causes of death and disability
heart disease
cancer
chronic lung disease
stroke
alzheimers
diabetes
chronic kidney disease
what is the current biggest health threat facing humanity
climate change
What are the 3 levels of prevention strategies
- primary: avoids development of a disease, removes risk factor
(Disease onset)
- secondary: early detection treatment, prevent progression
(Clinical diagnosis)
- tertiary: reduce complications of established disease
Most common hazards in vet workplace
- animal inflicted injuries
- exposure to hazardous chemicals
- back injurie
- exposure to radiation or waste anesthetics
- injuries from violence
What is PLIT
Professional Liability Business and Personal Insurance for vets from the AVMA
5 commonly observed safety RISKS
- mishandling of hazardous material
- slips, falls
- lack of formal safety program
- inadquate bite prevention
- poor ergonomics
what organization created the compendium of animal rabies prevention and control
National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians (NASPHV)
in AZ, what gov departments do reportable diseases have to be reported to
ADA (Agriculture)
AGFD (Game and Fish)
ADHS (Health Services)
what gov’t organizations must be made aware of reportable diseases?
veterinary official
state animal health official
known, avoidable environmental risks cause how many deaths/diseases worldwide per year
13 million, makes up about 1/4 of all death / disease burden
inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene and unsafe water cause about how many deaths per year?
800,000
how many workers die per year on average due to unsafe working conditions
more than one million
what groups of people are being harmed first and the worst by the climate crisis?
the people who contribute the least to climate change, low income and disadvantaged countries
how many years of development, global health and poverty reduction does climate change threaten to undo
50 years
between 2030-2050, climate change is predicted to cause an additional _______ deaths from malnutrition, malaria, diarrhea and heat stroke alone
250,000
direct damage costs caused by climate change is expected to cost the US $____ - _____ billion per year
2-4 BILLION
evidence that climate change affects health
- Climate change affects the transmission season for diseases such as malaria
- Leads to increased malnutrition
- increased number of people suffering from extreme weather events
- Cardio-respiratory disease related to air quality
- Changes in infectious disease vectors
- Decrease in cold-related deaths
how many people does malaria kill per year (africa, asian, latin america)
one million
climate changes affects on plants
- Health of plants directly related to drought/rainfall
- Increasing temperatures may alter the suitability of regions for particular crops and extreme weather
evens may have severe and unpredictable effects on harvests - Climate influences the spread of pests and pathogens
- Can lead to increased use of fungicides and pesticides
of the top 6 staple calorie crops (rice, wheat, sugarcane, maize, soybean and potatoes) which 3 are most threatened by emerging fungal pathogens
potatoes, soybean, wheat
what is the role of the Federal Select Agent Program
(CDC+ USDAs APHIS) oversees the possession, use and transfer of certain biologic agents and toxins that have the potential to pose severe threats to public, animal, or plant health
who is responsible for conducting investigations and prosecutions relating to cases of cruelty to animals
Office of the State Veterinarian
what organization is responsible for the: VET MED Act, Veterinary Medicine Loan Repayment Program Enhancement Act and the One Health Act
the US House VetMed Caucus
what is the veterinary caucus created to inform public policy that recognizes the crucial roles of veterinarians in all forms of clinical practice and in non-clinical roles
ex:
- Federal inspection of meat and poultry products
- Translational research benefitting both humans and animals
- Animal and zoonotic disease prevention, detection, and response
US State VetMed Caucus (founded 2023)
The _______ assists the AVMA Board of Directors in formulating and implementing AVMA legislative policy and positions on federal regulatory proposals
Legislative Advisory Committee (LAC)
Known avoidable environmental risks cause about ________ of all deaths and disease burden
worldwide, amounting to at least _____million deaths each year
1/4th, 13million
Air pollution, one of the largest risks to health, causes ______ million preventable deaths per year
7 million
More than half the world’s population is still exposed to unsafely managed water, inadequate
sanitation and poor hygiene, resulting in more than ________ preventable deaths each year
800,000
