Biosecurity & Biocontainment Flashcards
what is the goal of a biosecurity or biocontainment plan
prevent the transmission of infectious agents into and among individuals, groups of animals, farms or regions
The principles of biosecurity are to…
increase host resistance
eliminate disease reservoirs (Env)
prevent / eliminate transmission
what are intrinsic vs extrinsic elements of biosecurity
intrinsic = immune status, nutrition, genetics
extrinsic = movement pathways, segregation, physical barriers
Biosecurity plans are based on what
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points
the result of management practices to avoid introduction or reintroduction of disease agents to a facility or region
biosecurity
what are the exposure pathways to dairy cattle
Oral: contaminated feed/water
Inhalation: dust/manure particles
Physical: oronasal cavities, teat wounds
Indirect: fomites, vectors
Farm Biosecurity Risks (4)
Cattle from other premises
Feedstuff
Vehicles and People
Drinking water
how long should new cattle be isolated before introduction to herd
10 days -3 weeks
what are the most common diseases cattle are tested for
- bovine diarrhea virus (BDV)
- brucellosis
- tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium avium, paratuberculosis
- Mycoplasma
- Staphylococcus, Streptocossus
- Neospora
- Salmonella
common dairy cattle vaccinations
BVD
Brucellosis
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
parainfluenza 3 virus
bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)
what is Biocontainment
result of actions to prevent the spread of disease agents among groups of animals at a facility or farm
- important backup to biosecurity
when after vaccination does immunity develop for cattle
~4 weeks
What are the methods of biocontainment maintenance on dairy farm
- vaccinations
- unidirectional flow of animals, people, materials
- scheduled cleaning of facility + equiptment
- newborn calf protocols
- no feeding of leftover feed to young
- logical milking order
- avoiding direct contact b/w groups
- limit exposure to recycled water
- proper manure handling
how should new born calves be handled
- move to individual stalls right after birth
- give colostrum w/in 24 hours
- vaccinate 3-4 weeks prior to moving to group pen
- do not feed waste milk
what 4 main animal groups should be separated on a dairy farm
newborns
young stock and heifers
lactating cows
non-lactating cows
what are the common zoonoses in veterinary personnel
salmonellosis
cryptosporidiosis
plague
sporotrichosis
MRSA
psittacosis (avian chlamydiosis)
dermatophytosis
leptospirosis
Q fever
what vaccines should employees in the vet field have at minimum
Rabies
Tetanus
Influenza
what is disease control
the reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity or mortality to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts
continued intervention measures are required to maintain reduction
combination of - initial intervention strategies, ongoing disease control strategies, monitoring and surveillance
what is the eradication
CDC: permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent
Result of deliberate efforts
intervention measures no longer needed
examples of successful global eradication programs
Smallpox - 1980
Rinderpest - 2011
what are some ongoing global eradication programs
- guinea worm disease
- lymphatic filariasis
- leprosy
- tetanus
- Chaga’s disease
- measles
- polio
what are the 4 control and eradication options for animals
- depopulation and quarantine of new animals
- quarantine and remove positives
- quarantine, remove positives and vaccinate susceptible individuals
- quarantine and vaccination (or treatment)
when should disease control and eradication include depopulation of current animals and the quarantining of new ones
- highly contagious diseases, short incubation periods
- disease is disruptive to production and economy
ex: Foot and Mouth, HogCholera, Exotic Newcastle disease, Scrapie, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, highly pathogenic avian influenza - test and slaughter entire herds
what type of diseases warrant quarantine and removal of positives
when agent is not highly contagious or communicable, has a long incubation period during which infection is detectable
- low disease prevalence
ex: Bovine TB, equine infectious anemia
- test and slaughter individual animals
what type of diseases warrant quarantine, removal of positives and vaccination of susceptible animals
- when disease prevalence is higher and segregation of herds inadequate
- removal of positives doesn’t stop transmission
ex: brucellosis
what type of diseases warrant quarantine and vaccination
- disease w/ high prevalnce but economic and production costs aren’t catastrophic
- this method slows but doesn’t totally prevent transmission
ex: Leptospirosis, Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bordatella
what biosafety level would agents such as Bacillus subtilis, Naegleria gruberi, infectious canine hepatitis, non-pathogenic E.coli belong to
Biosafety Level 1
characteristics of diseases in Biosafety level 1
agents not known to cause disease in healthy adults
characteristics of diseases in Biosafety level 2
agents do not cause lethal infections and are not transmissible through air
agents are pathogens for which immunization or antibiotic treatment is available
what biosafety level would agents such as measles, Salmonella, Toxoplasma, Clostridium botulinum and hepatitis B belong to
Biosafety level 2
characteristics of diseases in Biosafety level 3
agents w/ potential for respiratory transmission, may cause serious and potentially lethal infection
either prevention or treatment options exist
what biosafety level would agents such as M. tuberculosis, St. Louis encephalitis, F. tularensis, Coviella burnetii, and Rabies belong to
Biosafety Level 3
characteristics of diseases in Biosafety level 4
Dangerous and exotic agents w/ high risk of life-threatening disease, aerosol transmitted
what biosafety level would agents such as Marburg, Ebola, Congo-Crimean hemorrhagic fever and lassa fever belong to
Biosafety Level 4
BSL -1 Lab Locations
high schools, community colleges, municipal drinking water treatment facilities
BSL -2 Lab Locations
local health depts, universities, state labs, private labs, industrial labs
BSL - 3 Lab locations
state health dept, universities, private companies, industry, federal government
BSL -4 Lab Locations
only ~13 facilities in US
most are federal (CDC, NIH) some are at universities, one is private
primary precaution barriers in BSL 2 labs
biosafety cabinets or other containment devices
primary precaution barriers in BSL 3 labs
same as BSL-2 but add respiratory PPE when needed
primary precaution barriers in BSL 4 labs
BSL 2 + 3 precautions + full body air supplied positive pressure personal suit
