Intro to Zoonotic Diseases Flashcards
Agent
the organism causing disease
can act alone or in concert w/ other organisms
agent infections can be _______or______
transient or chronic
reservoir aka
carrier
soruce of persistence in nature and infection in new hosts
in some cases, can be the env itself
“intermediate host” aka
*amplifier
* high levels of agent replication
* asymptomiatic infections in many cases
amplifiers are most commonly associated w/ _________ diseases
vector borne
what is a dead end host
- agent does not replicate to the level necessary for further transmission
- asymptomatic in many cases, but severe disease possible
- often associated w/ vector borne diseases
Bacterial zoonotic infectious agents (3)
- anthrax
- brucellosis
- plague
zoonotic infectious agents caused by viruses (3)
- COVID-19
- influenza
- rabies
zoonotic infectious agents caused by Fungi (2)
- Dermatophytes (superficial infections of skin, hair, nails)
- Histoplasma
zoonotic infectious agent caused by prions (1)
mad cow dz
zoonotic infectious agents caused by parasites
Protozoa
- toxoplasma, giardia
- Helminths
- baylisascariasis, Trichinosis
- Anthropods
- scabies (mange)
Dogs and Cats are reservoirs for what zoonoses
- Rabies
- Roundworm
- Ringworm
- Cat scratch disease
Livestock are resevoir species for what zoonoses
- Salmonella E.coli
- Brucellosis, Q fever
Birds and Poultry are resevoir species for what zoonoses
- Avian influenza
- chlamydiosis
- cryptococcus
Reptiles, Fish & Amphibians are resevoir species for what zoonoses
- salmonella, mycobacterium
Wildlife are reservoirs for what zoonoses
- Rabies
- Hantavirus
- Plague
- Tularemia
Direct contact route of zoonotic disease transmission
- infected tissue
- bite wounds
- body fluids
Indirect contact route of zoonotic disease transmission
- fomites (food/water dishes)
- aerosol (coughing, sneezing, bedding, dander)
Foodborne contact route of zoonotic disease transmission
Contaminated food/water
Vectorbornecontact route of zoonotic disease transmission
- rodents
- mosquitoes
- fleas
- ticks
infectious dose of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
1 organism
‘SIR’ model of pathogenesis
Susceptible –> Infected/Symptomatic—>recovered/removed/dead
there are over ______known zoonotic diseases, ____ are notifiable at a national level___% of which are known human pathogens, ____% are of new and emerging infectious diseases
250, 25, 61%, 75%
Traditional Health Management of farm animals
vet called to farm to treat sick animal(s)
directed at treatment less towards prevention
Heard Health Management
optimizes the health, welfare, and production in a population of animals through
* analysis of relevant data
* regular observations of the animals and their env
* allows for informed, timely decisions
* focus on prevention
* more proactive approach to health management
* does not eliminate traditional management approaches
heard health prevention is based on….
identification of risk factors for disease: agent, animals, env
objectives of Herd Health Management
optomize..
*health status by preventing health, production and repro problems
* productivityby improving herd management practices
* animal welfareand ecological quality of end
* quality and safety of dairy/meat products
* profitability
what are the 3 organization in Animal Health Governance
- State dept of Agriculture
- USDA/APHIS
- World Org for Animal Health
who is AZ state vet
Dr. Ryan Walker
what are the responsibilities of the State Dept of Agriculture
- animal health + welfare regulations
- classifying reportable diseases
- animal import/export requirements
who is the Chief Veterinary Officer of the USDA APHIS
Dr. Rosemary Sifford
what are the responsibilities of the USDA/APHIS
same as state dept
who is the director of WOAH
Dr. Monique Eloit
what are the responsibilities of the WOAH
- set disease prevention and control measures
- serves as point of contact for disease occurance
- ensures members have access to tools necessary to respond to disease threats
- fosters one health
what is Agroterrorism
the deliberate introduction of animal or plant disease for the purpose of generating fear, causing economic loss or undermining social stability
Departments and agencies responsible for protecting against agroterrorism
- Dept Homeland Security
- USDA APHIS
- USDA FSIS
- USDA ARS (ag research)
1997 Confirmed Case of Agroterrorism
Introduction of rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus in New Zealand
1985 Confirmed Case of Agroterrorism
Introduction of screwworm among livestock near Mexico/US border
1952 Confirmed Case of Agroterrorism
poisoning of cattle in Kenya w/ milk bush sap
new or newly identified pathogen or syndrome, or one that has resulted in new manifestations of an infectious disease
Emerging infection
previously identified or known pathogen that is increasing in incidence, expanding to a new geological area or affecting new population/species
Re-emerging / resurging infection
Characteristics of Emerging Diseases
- Largely zoonotic (60%) (majority originating in wildlife)
- bacteria or rickettsia (54%)
- increasing in frequncy
- vector borne and drug resistant
- emerging hotspots in tropical areas
emerging diseases are mostly…
bacteria
