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PUBLIC HEALTH > stuff me don't know > Flashcards

stuff me don't know Flashcards

1
Q

odds ratio is utilized in what study type(s)

A

case control= observational study that compares 2 groups

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2
Q

relative ratio is used in what study type(s)

A

cohort studies + randomized clinical trials

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3
Q

what is a case-control study

A
  • purpose is to establish association b/w risk factors and disease
  • information is collected retrospectively
  • Cases: Participants who have a condition of interest, such as a disease
  • Controls: Participants who do not have a condition of interest
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4
Q

what type of comparison does relative risk make

A

used when comparing the outcomes of those who were exposed to something vs those who weren’t exposed

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5
Q

in the case of rare diseases, is the odds ratio similar or different than relative risk

A

should be nearly the same number

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6
Q

in what type of study are conditions highly controlled and causality can be inferred

A

experimental study

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7
Q

what is a cross over study

A

After the study progresses, the groups are switched
* Valuable when number of subjects is limited
* Potential confounder if the intervention has effects that carry-over to the next po

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8
Q

if sensitivity is high, what does that tell us about false negatives

A

sensitivity = % truly positive
if sensitivity is high, false negatives must be low

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9
Q

what does high specificity mean

A

confidence that an animal w/ a positive test result HAS the disease

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10
Q

what does high sensitivity mean

A

confidence that an animal w/ a negative test result does not have disease

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11
Q

when would you run parallel testing, and what can it tell you

A

to improve sensitivity
proves you DONT have the disease
- negative if both tests (-)

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12
Q

when would you run serial testing, what can it tell you

A

to improve specificity
proves you HAVE the disease
- run screening test, then a confirmatory one

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13
Q

positive predictive value is tied to what

A

prevalence

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14
Q

what should be used to know the chance that a patient has a disease if they get a positive result

A

PPV

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15
Q

what should be used for best clinical interpretation of test results

A

likelihood ratio

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16
Q

what does likelihood ratio tell us

A

incorporates the probability that the test is + in patients w/ and w/out disease

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17
Q

what is a case report

A

an in depth study of one case
no comparisons

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18
Q

what is a case series

A

3+ cases involving patients given similar treatments
no comparison group

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19
Q

what is a cross sectional study

A

looks at data from a single point in time

20
Q

what is an ecological study

A

units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals

21
Q

what is the population at risk (PAR)

A

members (animal or human) of the overall population who are capable of developing the disease or condition being studied

usually the denominator in rate calculations

22
Q

examples of things that crude rate measures

A
  • prevalence
  • incidence
  • morbidity rate
  • mortality rate
23
Q

what is the difference b/w incidence and prevalence?

A

incidence is the number of NEW cases during a specified time period

prevalence is the number of persons w/ the disease

24
Q

what things cause prevalence to increase

A
  • increase in incidence
  • increase of the duration of disease
  • in migration of cases
  • prolongation of life of patients w/out cure
25
Q

what things cause prevalence to decrease

A
  • decrease in incidence
  • decrease in duration of disease
  • influx of healthy people
  • improved cure rate
26
Q

what are some limitations to crude rate

A

observed differences in rates might be due to differences in populations
- sex, race, age

27
Q

what are specific rates

A

rates based on particular subgroups of populations (sex, race, age)
better indicator of risk than crude rate

28
Q

what rate type allows for comparison between groups having different population distributions for certain variables, i.e. different distributions for age

A

Adjusted rate

28
Q

what are the limitations to adjusted rate

A
  • Can lead to misinterpretation
  • Based on assumptions
  • should only be compared to another rate that was computed the same way
29
Q

who was Robert Koch

A

Koch’s postulates demonstrated the association between a microorganism and a disease

30
Q

who was Austin Bradford Hill

A

Hill’s postulates for causation

31
Q

Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill conducted what type of study around smoking and lung cancer

A

a case-control study of 20 hospitals in London

32
Q

what is temporality

A

the cause (exposure) must be observed before the effect

33
Q

what is coherence

A

“…the cause-and-effect interpretation of our data should not seriously conflict with the generally known facts of the natural history and biology of the disease…

34
Q

give examples of multifactoral factors

A
  • specific exposure (ex: smoking)
  • family history
  • lifestyle characteristics
  • environmental influences
35
Q

what is internal vs external validity

A

internal validity - the degree to which the study used methodologically sound procedures
external validity - the extent to which the results of a study can be applied to other situations, groups, or events

36
Q

what measurements can be used to quantify sampling error

A
  • confidence intervals
  • standard error
  • margin of error
  • coefficient of variance
37
Q

what is co-option in community engagement

A

representatives chosen but have no real power/input

38
Q

what is compliance/informing in CE

A

tasks get assigned w/ incentives, outsiders decide on process and agenda

39
Q

what is consultation in CE

A

local options are sought but outsiders control course of action

40
Q

what is cooperation in CE

A

locals work w/ outsiders to determine priorities, responsibility mostly falls on outsiders

41
Q

what is co-learning in CE

A

locals and outsiders or stakeholders share knowledge, no outsider facilitation

42
Q

what are the 3 phases of a workshop

A

planning (delivery)
preparation (logistics)
implementation

43
Q

what organization created and maintains the compendium of animal rabies prevention and control

A

NASPHV (National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians)

44
Q

what does the Federal Select Agent Program oversee

A

(CDC+USDAs APHIS)
oversee the production, use and transfer of certain biologic agents and toxins that have the potential to pose severe threats to public, animal, or plant health

45
Q

air pollution causes about how many deaths / year

A

7 million

PUBLIC HEALTH (18 decks)

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