stuff me don't know Flashcards
odds ratio is utilized in what study type(s)
case control= observational study that compares 2 groups
relative ratio is used in what study type(s)
cohort studies + randomized clinical trials
what is a case-control study
- purpose is to establish association b/w risk factors and disease
- information is collected retrospectively
- Cases: Participants who have a condition of interest, such as a disease
- Controls: Participants who do not have a condition of interest
what type of comparison does relative risk make
used when comparing the outcomes of those who were exposed to something vs those who weren’t exposed
in the case of rare diseases, is the odds ratio similar or different than relative risk
should be nearly the same number
in what type of study are conditions highly controlled and causality can be inferred
experimental study
what is a cross over study
After the study progresses, the groups are switched
* Valuable when number of subjects is limited
* Potential confounder if the intervention has effects that carry-over to the next po
if sensitivity is high, what does that tell us about false negatives
sensitivity = % truly positive
if sensitivity is high, false negatives must be low
what does high specificity mean
confidence that an animal w/ a positive test result HAS the disease
what does high sensitivity mean
confidence that an animal w/ a negative test result does not have disease
when would you run parallel testing, and what can it tell you
to improve sensitivity
proves you DONT have the disease
- negative if both tests (-)
when would you run serial testing, what can it tell you
to improve specificity
proves you HAVE the disease
- run screening test, then a confirmatory one
positive predictive value is tied to what
prevalence
what should be used to know the chance that a patient has a disease if they get a positive result
PPV
what should be used for best clinical interpretation of test results
likelihood ratio
what does likelihood ratio tell us
incorporates the probability that the test is + in patients w/ and w/out disease
what is a case report
an in depth study of one case
no comparisons
what is a case series
3+ cases involving patients given similar treatments
no comparison group
what is a cross sectional study
looks at data from a single point in time
what is an ecological study
units of analysis are populations or groups of people rather than individuals
what is the population at risk (PAR)
members (animal or human) of the overall population who are capable of developing the disease or condition being studied
usually the denominator in rate calculations
examples of things that crude rate measures
- prevalence
- incidence
- morbidity rate
- mortality rate
what is the difference b/w incidence and prevalence?
incidence is the number of NEW cases during a specified time period
prevalence is the number of persons w/ the disease
what things cause prevalence to increase
- increase in incidence
- increase of the duration of disease
- in migration of cases
- prolongation of life of patients w/out cure
what things cause prevalence to decrease
- decrease in incidence
- decrease in duration of disease
- influx of healthy people
- improved cure rate
what are some limitations to crude rate
observed differences in rates might be due to differences in populations
- sex, race, age
what are specific rates
rates based on particular subgroups of populations (sex, race, age)
better indicator of risk than crude rate
what rate type allows for comparison between groups having different population distributions for certain variables, i.e. different distributions for age
Adjusted rate
what are the limitations to adjusted rate
- Can lead to misinterpretation
- Based on assumptions
- should only be compared to another rate that was computed the same way
who was Robert Koch
Koch’s postulates demonstrated the association between a microorganism and a disease
who was Austin Bradford Hill
Hill’s postulates for causation
Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill conducted what type of study around smoking and lung cancer
a case-control study of 20 hospitals in London
what is temporality
the cause (exposure) must be observed before the effect
what is coherence
“…the cause-and-effect interpretation of our data should not seriously conflict with the generally known facts of the natural history and biology of the disease…
give examples of multifactoral factors
- specific exposure (ex: smoking)
- family history
- lifestyle characteristics
- environmental influences
what is internal vs external validity
internal validity - the degree to which the study used methodologically sound procedures
external validity - the extent to which the results of a study can be applied to other situations, groups, or events
what measurements can be used to quantify sampling error
- confidence intervals
- standard error
- margin of error
- coefficient of variance
what is co-option in community engagement
representatives chosen but have no real power/input
what is compliance/informing in CE
tasks get assigned w/ incentives, outsiders decide on process and agenda
what is consultation in CE
local options are sought but outsiders control course of action
what is cooperation in CE
locals work w/ outsiders to determine priorities, responsibility mostly falls on outsiders
what is co-learning in CE
locals and outsiders or stakeholders share knowledge, no outsider facilitation
what are the 3 phases of a workshop
planning (delivery)
preparation (logistics)
implementation
what organization created and maintains the compendium of animal rabies prevention and control
NASPHV (National Association of State Public Health Veterinarians)
what does the Federal Select Agent Program oversee
(CDC+USDAs APHIS)
oversee the production, use and transfer of certain biologic agents and toxins that have the potential to pose severe threats to public, animal, or plant health
air pollution causes about how many deaths / year
7 million
