Zoonoses in Exotic Species Flashcards
approximately ___% of emerging pathogens come from animals
75%
large amount come from exotic pets and wildlife
characteristics of salmonellosis
Salmonella spp.
gram - rod
facultative anaerobe
2 species of Salmonella spp.
S. enterica
S. bongori
one of the most common infectious FBIs
Salmonellosis
most common exotic animal reservoirs of Salmonellosis
Reptiles, birds, sugar gliders, hedgehogs, rodents
shed intermittently in feces, may be present in oral cavity
T/F clinical signs of Salmonellosis is rare
T
Diagnosis of Salmonellosis
- culture (feces/blood)
- PCR
- serology
should prophylactic txt of exotic pets with Salmonellosis be performed
no, only treat IF they have clinical disease, treat based on culture and sensitivity, provide supportive care
infectious agent of Chlamydiosis
Chlamydia psittaci (obligate intracellular bacteria, gram negative)
in mammals/reptiles: C. abortus, C. pneumoniae
life cycle of Chlamydiosis
infectious elementary body invades cells and transforms into a reticulate body (non infectious), replicates, then goes back to elementary body
good at immune evasion
Exposure of Chlamydiosis
direct or indirectly by birds, mainly chicken, raptors, pigeons, seabirds
Contaminated bedding, dust, dander, feces
Aerosolized and ingested
clinical signs of Chlamydiosis in animals
range greatly from asymptomatic to acute or chronic
respiratory signs, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, lethargy, anorexia main ones
Chlamydiosis clinical signs in humans
usually mild
flu-like symptoms, keratoconjunctivitis, pneumonia, fever
Diagnosis of Chlamydiosis
identification of cytoplasmic elementary body
PCR (choanal/conjunctival/cloacal swabs)
culture
serology
Treatment of C. psittaci (Chlamydiosis) in birds
doxycycline for 45 days (b/c of lifecycle)
is C.psittaci reportable in AZ
yes
Chlamydiosis prevention
PPE, quarantine testing, good hygiene, performing necropsies in flow hood or wear PPE
Mycobacteriosis cause…
granulomas
non-tuberculous mycobacteria that is NOT usually spread b/w people
M. manrinum (fish handler’s disease)
is M. tuberculosis a reportable disease
yes
characteristics of mycobacterial spp.
aerobic
acid-fast rod
widespread in env
cause of systemic granulomatous disease
Methods of exposure to M. marinum (mycobacteriosis)
- direct contact w/ contaminated water sources or infected fish
- enters by skin injury or ext. parasites
- viable in env for 2+ years
Methods of exposure to M. tuberculosis (mycobacteriosis)
- aerosol of infectious material
- worldwide
- most common exotic species (elephants+primates)
Clinical signs of M. marinum in fish
variable from no signs to chronic
weight loss, anorexia, lethargy
cutaneous and or systemic granulomas
clinical signs of M. tuberculosis in exotic species
- variable
- chronic weight loss
- excessive discharge from trunk/resp
Primates: rough coat, cough, lethargy, lymphadenopathy
signs of M. marinum in humans
typically cutaneous (ulcer, abscess, granuloma)
systemic dz is rare
signs of M. tuberculosis in humans
typically pulmonary disease
weight loss, weakness, fever
Diagnosis of M.marinum
PCR
Biopsy
Culture (takes long time, needs special conditions),
Diagnosis of M. tuberculosis in elephants and primates
routine testing for captive elephants
trunk wash for culture, acid fast stain, PCR
Intradermal tuberculin skin testing for primates (usually done in upper eyelid)
M. marinum txt in people
- slowly resolved over 1-6 yrs
- surgery may be needed
- prolonged combination antibiotic therapy to prevent progression
M. tuberculosis txt in people
drug resistance big concern
combination of drugs, txt course is long
Rat bit fever comes from what organism
Streptobacilus moniliformis
super rare can reside in nasal region / oropharynx in rats
clinical signs of rat bite fever in rats
typically asymptomatic but can have otitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia
mice > rats to become sick
clinical signs of rat bit fever in people
fever, malaise, headache, V+, rash
rat bite fever diagnosis
Screening PCR for pet rats
culture (hard)
avian influenza transmission
(occurs worldwide, wide host range)
mainly fecal-oral and fecal-cloacal
dz in humans mainly after close contact w/ infected animals or contaminated areas
clinical signs of avian flu
respiratory, GI, NS
Low pathogenic & highly pathogenic
T/F: Highly pathogenic avian influenza is reportable
T
Avian flu diagnosis
serology
PCR
viral isolation
Avian flu preventative measures
prevent contact w/ birds
good biosecurity + hygiene
T/F: ferrets are susceptible to human influenza type A and B viruses
T: human to ferret transmission
clinical signs of ferret flu and txt
upper respiratory disease, +/- fever
may cause anorexia, lethargy
7-14 days clinical course
treated supportively, typically self-limiting
zoo anthroponotic
reverse zoonosis
SARS-CoV-2 is reported in many exotic species and reverse zoonosis is possible
T/F: human herpesvirus type I + 2 is a reverse zoonosis disease
T
clinical signs of herpesvirus in people
blisters/ulcers around mouth, genitalia, hands
clinical signs of herpesvirus in apes
oral and pharyngeal vesicles and ulcers, conjunctival lesions, pustules
GI signs
Diagnosis of human herpesvirus
sample vesicles or other lesions, serum, blood
serology, PCR, histopathology, virus isolation
Txt of human herpesvirus
antivirals
prevention of herpesvirus
don’t have pet ape
avoid direct contact w/ apes
use PPE
definitive host
final host, parasite becomes sexually mature
a necessary host in which parasite passes one or more of its asexual stages
intermediate
parasitic host
potential intermediate host that serves until definitive host reached, no development occurs, may or may not be needed to complete life cycle
rat lungworm comes from what species
Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Nematode (roundworm)
organism found in tropical / subtropical regions and is the most common cause of eosinophilic meningitis in people
Rat lungworm (Angiostrongylus cantonensis)
species affected by rat lungworm
primates, marsupials, horses, dogs, tawny frogmouths, armadillo
what is the definitive, intermediate and paratenic host in A. cantonesis (rat lungworm)
Definitive - rat
Intermediate - snails, slugs
Paratenic - crabs, ships, amphibians
clinical signs of A. cantonesis
primarily neurologic
- can cause meningoencephalitis/death
headache, fever, stiff neck, nausea
A. cantonesis diagnosis
can be hard, history helps
eosinophilia in blood/CSF
PCR
Prevention of A. cantonesis
avoid ingestion of contaminated items
no raw snails/slugs
rat and snail/slug control measures
Encephalitozoonosis comes from
Encephalitozoon cuniculi
obligate intracellular gram + microsporidial parasite
Encephalitozoonosis most found in what animals
RABBITS, rodents, carnivores, primates, birds
*commonly shed in rabbit urine
clinical signs of Encephalitozoonosis in rabbits and people
rabbits - usually dormant but can cause neurological signs (mostly vestibular) CATARACTS, renal disease, granulomatous inflammation
people- neurological signs, D+, hepatitis
Encephalitozoonosis diagnosis in rabbits
- serologic testing (most reliable, indicates previous exposure)
urine antibody levels
CSF analysis
Encephalitozoonosis treatment in rabbits
no curative txt
Benzimidazoles (Fenbendazole, albendazole) help decrease clinical signs
Encephalitozoonosis prevention
env sanitation
proper hygiene when washing cages/handling rabbits
Steps to follow in managing zoonotic outbreak
notify stakeholders
isolate animal
waste management
report to authorities (if appropriate)
treatment / animal management
