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microbiology > Zoonoses-Haemophilus-Listeria (EXAM III) > Flashcards

Zoonoses-Haemophilus-Listeria (EXAM III) Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria is responsible for Black Death/Plague:

A

Yersinia Pestis

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2
Q

Describe the gram stain of Yersinia Pestis:

A

Gram negative

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3
Q

When Yersinia Pestis is living in its natural host in the environment, it can cause:

A

Sylvatic plague

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4
Q

Describe sylvatic plague:

A

Passing of Yersinia Pestis bacterium among its natural hosts

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5
Q

Transmission of Yersinia Pestis causing sylvatic plague is through:

A

Fleas that cause obstruction of digestive tract

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6
Q

In sylvatic plague how does the flea transmit bacteria?

A

Bites & regurgitates bacteria into bite wound

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7
Q

When fleas of the black or Norwegian rat transmit Yersinai Pestis to humans in urban environments due to unsanitary conditions:

A

Urban Plague

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8
Q

Urban plague (caused by Yersinia Pestis) can progress into ____ or ____ in humans

A

Bubonic plague or Septicemic plague

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9
Q

If aerosolized Yersinia Pestis is brought into the lungs, _____ can occur:

A

Pneumonic plagie

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10
Q

10-20% of people with septicemic plague will result with pneumonia plague, which is:

A
  1. HIGHLY Contagious (due to direct transmission)
  2. Near 100% mortality (Black Death)
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11
Q

Infected lymph node with pus, not contagious but with a mortality rate of 50-75% if not treated:

A

Bubo (from bubonic plague)

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12
Q

If an individual presents with bubos, what are their chances of mortality if left untreated?

A

50-75%

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13
Q

Which form of the plague caused by Yersinia Pestis leads to black limbs & appendages?

A

Pneumonic plague

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14
Q

By the time the Yersinia Pestis progresses into the lungs, it is referred to as Black Death because:

A

Death likely occurs within 2-3 days of exposure to lungs

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15
Q

Fully virulent bacteria break out of phagocytes, infect the nodes, producing buboes:

A

Bubonic plague

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16
Q

When yersenia pestis bacteria invade the bloodstream:

A

Septicemic plague

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17
Q

When lungs become infected with yersinia pestis:

A

Pneumonic plague

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18
Q

What is the gram stain of Francisella Tularensis:

A

Gram negative

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19
Q

Francisella Tularensis is an opportunistic zoonosis that is present in:

A

Birds, rabbits, ticks

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20
Q

Francisella Tularensis in addition to being an opportunistic zoonosis, is a threat for:

A

Bioterrorism (Due to ability to infect via aerosol)

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21
Q

Describe the virulence factors of Francisella Tularensis:

A

Intracellular growth in macrophages

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22
Q

What does the virulence factor “Intracellular growth in macrophages” cause in hosts:

A

Prevention of phagolysosome fusion resulting in bacteremia

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23
Q

Describe the diseases caused by Francisella Tularensis:

A
  1. ulceroglandular tularemia
  2. oculoglandular tularemia
  3. pulmonary tularemia
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24
Q

What are the common names for the disease caused by Francisella Tularensis:

A

Rabbit fever & tick fever

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25
Q

Describe the gram stain of Brucella:

A

Gram negative

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26
Q

Although Brucella is not genetically related to Yersinia or Francisella, similarities include:

A

Ultrastructurally similar & zoonotic

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27
Q

What strain of Brucella is an opportunistic zoonosis that is feared to have potential for bioterrorism?

A

B. Melitensis

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28
Q

Systemic bacteremia starting from infected lymph nodes caused by Brucella:

A

“Undulant Fever” AKA Brucellosis or Bang’s Disease

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29
Q

Undulant Fever or Bang’s Disease is caused by what bacteria:

A

Brucella

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30
Q

What allows brucella to become systemic?

A

Its ability to survive within cells, specifically macrophages

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31
Q

Characteristic symptom of infection caused by Brucella:

A

Undulant fever

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32
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of Brucella:

A

Organisms penetrate mucous membranes & are carried to the heart, kidneys & other parts of the body via the blood & lymphatic system

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33
Q

Part of the pathogenesis seen with Brucella is caused by its resistance to:

A

Resistance to phagocytic killing & ability to grow within the phagocytes

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34
Q

Describe the gram stain of Haemophilus influenzae:

A

Gram negative

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35
Q

Haemophilus influenzae is frequently part of:

A

Oral flora

36
Q

What is the carrier rate for Haemophilus influenzae present in the oral cavity?

A

Carrier rate up to 80%

37
Q

Discuss the serotypes of haemophilus influenzae?

A

6 O-antigen serotypes; type B most virulent

38
Q

What serotype of haemophilus influenzae is the most virulent?

A

Type B

39
Q

Discuss the virulence factors of haemophilus influenzae:

A

Polyribtol phosphate (PRP) Capsule B

40
Q

What allows the type B strain of haemophilus influenzae to cause systemic infections:

A

The polyribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule B

41
Q

What type of vaccine is used for protection against haemophilus influenzae?

A

Conjugated vaccine

42
Q

Discuss the mechanism of haemophilus influenzae conjugated vaccine:

A

Conjugated vaccine against capsule B polysaccharides creating protective IgG, preventing systemic infection

43
Q

Does the Haemophilus influenza vaccine protect against other encapsulated strains and unencapsulated strains?

A

No

43
Q

Does the Demo

A
44
Q

How many cases per year of Haemophilus Influenzae type B infections & how much of a decrease of this since the creation of the conjugated vaccine?

A

20,000; 99.7%

45
Q

Before the availability of conjugate vaccines in late 1987, H. Influenzae type B was the most common cause of:

A

Bacterial meningitis in preschool children

46
Q

Without vaccination Haemophilus inlfuenzae causes ______ in children by _____ strains

A

Systemic diseases; encapsulated strains

47
Q

Without vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae, systemic disease by encapsulated strains in children cause:

A
  1. Meningitis
  2. Septicemia
  3. Cellulitis
  4. Epiglottis
48
Q

Discuss the epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae:

A
  1. Aerosol transmission
  2. Respiratory tract in elderly
49
Q

Describe the gram stain of Legionella pneumophilia:

A

Gram negative

50
Q

What characteristic of Legionella pneumophilia allow them to grow inside of macrophages in the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

They are facultatively intracellular

51
Q

Since Legionella pneumophilia are facultatively intracellular, they function to:

A

Prevent endosome-lysosome fusion & autophagosome-like uptake

52
Q

Legionella pneumonilia are acquired from the:

A

Environment

53
Q

Legionella pneumophilia live & proliferate in:

A

Vacuoles of amoebas & in ER of macrophages

54
Q

What is the significance of Legionella pneumophilia’s ability to live intracellularly in amoebas?

A

This lifestyle is adaptable to living in macrophages- dangerous to humans

55
Q

Describe what makes Legionella pneumophilia difficult to eradicate?

A
  1. Growth up to 46 degrees Celsius
  2. Relatively resistant to chlorine & other biocides
56
Q

Describe the disease caused by Legionella pneumonphilia & its discovery:

A

Legionnaires’ disease- a lung disease discovered to be caused by infected roof A/C

57
Q

Discuss the virulence factors involved with Legionnaire’s disease:

A

Intracellular growth in alveolar macrophages (inhibits phagolysosomal fusion)

58
Q

Discuss the transmission of Legionnaire’s disease:

A

Aerosol from water sources (living inside amoeba)

NO human-to human transmission

59
Q

Discuss the symptoms of Legionnaire’s disease:

A

Severe pneumonia & necrotic abscesses especially in immune-compromised & elderly

60
Q

What is the mortality rate for Legionnaire’s disease:

A

20%

61
Q

Discuss the gram stain & shape of Listeria Monocytogenes:

A

Gram positive; coccobacilli

62
Q

Describe what listeria monocytogenes is resistant to:

A
  1. Acid-resistant
  2. Cold-resistant (psychrotolerant)
  3. Salt-resistant
63
Q

Listeria monocytogenes are cold-resistant and grow in the temperature range of:

A

1-45 degree celcius

64
Q

Because listeria monocytogenes are cold & acid resistant give examples of conditions they are able to tolerate:

A

Refrigeration & stomach acid

65
Q

Listeria monocytogenes are widespread in _____ & _____ but become pathogenic when _____

A

Soil & water; foodborene

66
Q

What is the means to how individuals acquire a listeria monocytogenes infection:

A

When pathogen becomes food-borne

67
Q

Give of where listeria monocytogenes may become a food-borne pathogen:

A

Processed meats like hotdogs, dairy like brie cheese

68
Q

Listeria monocytogenes are ______ meaning that they can reside within enterocytes & macrophages:

A

Facultatively intracellular

69
Q

Because listeria monocytogenes are facultatively intracellular they can reside within:

A
  1. Enterocytes (columnar epithelial cells lining gut)
  2. Macrophages
70
Q

Disease caused by infection with listeria monocytogenes:

A

Listeriosis

71
Q

Listeriosis is rare with only around _____ cases per year

Describe exposure:

A

2500

Exposure is common (10% are asymptotic carrier)

72
Q

Describe the virulence factors of listeria monocytogenes:

A

Listeriolysin O (a pore-forming toxin that allows phagosome escape)

73
Q

A pore-forming toxin allowing phagosome escape seen in listeria monocytogenes:

A

Listeriolysin O

74
Q

Listeria & other bacteria cross the mucous membrane into tissues by passing through:

A

M cells

75
Q

After listeria pass through M cells to cross the mucous membrane they are:

A

Engulfed by macrophages

76
Q

What occurs once listeria are engulfed by macrophage?

A

Bacteria are released from macrophages (toxins) & enter host cells by endocytosis

77
Q

How do listeria bacteria move from cell to cell?

A

They polymerize actin to form filaments that propel them

78
Q

What is a problems with listeria getting into macrophages?

A

They can end up being passed from one cell to another hidden in the macrophage

79
Q

What is a concern with intracellular listeria monocytogenes in pregnant women?

A

The bacteria can be transmitted across the placenta unknowingly

80
Q

When listeria monocytogenes are passed across the placenta to the fetus, this can lead to:

A

Fetal death due to brain abscess & meningitis

81
Q

Listeria’s ability to transmit from one cell to another without exposure to the exterior of the cell allows the bacteria to:

A

Evade the host’s humoral immune response

82
Q

In mutant listeria that lack ______, the oxidative burst in infected macrophages is stimulated by _____ and this will eradicate the infection

A

Lysteriolysin; CD4+ T cell interferon-gamma

83
Q

In mutant listeria that lack lysteriolysin, the oxidative burst in infected macrophages (which is stimulated by CD4+ T cell Interferon-gamma) will:

A

Eradicate the infection

84
Q

In wild-type listeria, where the bacteria escape to the cytoplasm, the additional ____ action by _____ is required before the infection is eradicated:

A

Lytic action; CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes

85
Q

In wild-type listeria, where bacteria escape to the cytoplasm, the addition lytic action by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes is:

A

Required before the infection is eradicated

86
Q

Discuss the epidemiology of listeria monocytogenes:

A
  1. Immune compromised
  2. Neonates
  3. Elderly
  4. Pregnant women
  5. Contaminated food

microbiology (22 decks)

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