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Zoonoses-Haemophilus-Listeria (EXAM III) Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria is responsible for Black Death/Plague:

A

Yersinia Pestis

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2
Q

Describe the gram stain of Yersinia Pestis:

A

Gram negative

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3
Q

When Yersinia Pestis is living in its natural host in the environment, it can cause:

A

Sylvatic plague

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4
Q

Describe sylvatic plague:

A

Passing of Yersinia Pestis bacterium among its natural hosts

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5
Q

Transmission of Yersinia Pestis causing sylvatic plague is through:

A

Fleas that cause obstruction of digestive tract

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6
Q

In sylvatic plague how does the flea transmit bacteria?

A

Bites & regurgitates bacteria into bite wound

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7
Q

When fleas of the black or Norwegian rat transmit Yersinai Pestis to humans in urban environments due to unsanitary conditions:

A

Urban Plague

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8
Q

Urban plague (caused by Yersinia Pestis) can progress into ____ or ____ in humans

A

Bubonic plague or Septicemic plague

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9
Q

If aerosolized Yersinia Pestis is brought into the lungs, _____ can occur:

A

Pneumonic plagie

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10
Q

10-20% of people with septicemic plague will result with pneumonia plague, which is:

A
  1. HIGHLY Contagious (due to direct transmission)
  2. Near 100% mortality (Black Death)
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11
Q

Infected lymph node with pus, not contagious but with a mortality rate of 50-75% if not treated:

A

Bubo (from bubonic plague)

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12
Q

If an individual presents with bubos, what are their chances of mortality if left untreated?

A

50-75%

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13
Q

Which form of the plague caused by Yersinia Pestis leads to black limbs & appendages?

A

Pneumonic plague

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14
Q

By the time the Yersinia Pestis progresses into the lungs, it is referred to as Black Death because:

A

Death likely occurs within 2-3 days of exposure to lungs

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15
Q

Fully virulent bacteria break out of phagocytes, infect the nodes, producing buboes:

A

Bubonic plague

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16
Q

When yersenia pestis bacteria invade the bloodstream:

A

Septicemic plague

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17
Q

When lungs become infected with yersinia pestis:

A

Pneumonic plague

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18
Q

What is the gram stain of Francisella Tularensis:

A

Gram negative

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19
Q

Francisella Tularensis is an opportunistic zoonosis that is present in:

A

Birds, rabbits, ticks

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20
Q

Francisella Tularensis in addition to being an opportunistic zoonosis, is a threat for:

A

Bioterrorism (Due to ability to infect via aerosol)

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21
Q

Describe the virulence factors of Francisella Tularensis:

A

Intracellular growth in macrophages

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22
Q

What does the virulence factor “Intracellular growth in macrophages” cause in hosts:

A

Prevention of phagolysosome fusion resulting in bacteremia

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23
Q

Describe the diseases caused by Francisella Tularensis:

A
  1. ulceroglandular tularemia
  2. oculoglandular tularemia
  3. pulmonary tularemia
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24
Q

What are the common names for the disease caused by Francisella Tularensis:

A

Rabbit fever & tick fever

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25
Describe the gram stain of Brucella:
Gram negative
26
Although Brucella is not genetically related to Yersinia or Francisella, similarities include:
Ultrastructurally similar & zoonotic
27
What strain of Brucella is an opportunistic zoonosis that is feared to have potential for bioterrorism?
B. Melitensis
28
Systemic bacteremia starting from infected lymph nodes caused by Brucella:
"Undulant Fever" AKA Brucellosis or Bang's Disease
29
Undulant Fever or Bang's Disease is caused by what bacteria:
Brucella
30
What allows brucella to become systemic?
Its ability to survive within cells, specifically macrophages
31
Characteristic symptom of infection caused by Brucella:
Undulant fever
32
Describe the pathogenesis of Brucella:
Organisms penetrate mucous membranes & are carried to the heart, kidneys & other parts of the body via the blood & lymphatic system
33
Part of the pathogenesis seen with Brucella is caused by its resistance to:
Resistance to phagocytic killing & ability to grow within the phagocytes
34
Describe the gram stain of Haemophilus influenzae:
Gram negative
35
Haemophilus influenzae is frequently part of:
Oral flora
36
What is the carrier rate for Haemophilus influenzae present in the oral cavity?
Carrier rate up to 80%
37
Discuss the serotypes of haemophilus influenzae?
6 O-antigen serotypes; type B most virulent
38
What serotype of haemophilus influenzae is the most virulent?
Type B
39
Discuss the virulence factors of haemophilus influenzae:
Polyribtol phosphate (PRP) Capsule B
40
What allows the type B strain of haemophilus influenzae to cause systemic infections:
The polyribitol phosphate (PRP) capsule B
41
What type of vaccine is used for protection against haemophilus influenzae?
Conjugated vaccine
42
Discuss the mechanism of haemophilus influenzae conjugated vaccine:
Conjugated vaccine against capsule B polysaccharides creating protective IgG, preventing systemic infection
43
Does the Haemophilus influenza vaccine protect against other encapsulated strains and unencapsulated strains?
No
43
Does the Demo
44
How many cases per year of Haemophilus Influenzae type B infections & how much of a decrease of this since the creation of the conjugated vaccine?
20,000; 99.7%
45
Before the availability of conjugate vaccines in late 1987, H. Influenzae type B was the most common cause of:
Bacterial meningitis in preschool children
46
Without vaccination Haemophilus inlfuenzae causes ______ in children by _____ strains
Systemic diseases; encapsulated strains
47
Without vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae, systemic disease by encapsulated strains in children cause:
1. Meningitis 2. Septicemia 3. Cellulitis 4. Epiglottis
48
Discuss the epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae:
1. Aerosol transmission 2. Respiratory tract in elderly
49
Describe the gram stain of Legionella pneumophilia:
Gram negative
50
What characteristic of Legionella pneumophilia allow them to grow inside of macrophages in the endoplasmic reticulum?
They are facultatively intracellular
51
Since Legionella pneumophilia are facultatively intracellular, they function to:
Prevent endosome-lysosome fusion & autophagosome-like uptake
52
Legionella pneumonilia are acquired from the:
Environment
53
Legionella pneumophilia live & proliferate in:
Vacuoles of amoebas & in ER of macrophages
54
What is the significance of Legionella pneumophilia's ability to live intracellularly in amoebas?
This lifestyle is adaptable to living in macrophages- dangerous to humans
55
Describe what makes Legionella pneumophilia difficult to eradicate?
1. Growth up to 46 degrees Celsius 2. Relatively resistant to chlorine & other biocides
56
Describe the disease caused by Legionella pneumonphilia & its discovery:
Legionnaires' disease- a lung disease discovered to be caused by infected roof A/C
57
Discuss the virulence factors involved with Legionnaire's disease:
Intracellular growth in alveolar macrophages (inhibits phagolysosomal fusion)
58
Discuss the transmission of Legionnaire's disease:
Aerosol from water sources (living inside amoeba) NO human-to human transmission
59
Discuss the symptoms of Legionnaire's disease:
Severe pneumonia & necrotic abscesses especially in immune-compromised & elderly
60
What is the mortality rate for Legionnaire's disease:
20%
61
Discuss the gram stain & shape of Listeria Monocytogenes:
Gram positive; coccobacilli
62
Describe what listeria monocytogenes is resistant to:
1. Acid-resistant 2. Cold-resistant (psychrotolerant) 3. Salt-resistant
63
Listeria monocytogenes are cold-resistant and grow in the temperature range of:
1-45 degree celcius
64
Because listeria monocytogenes are cold & acid resistant give examples of conditions they are able to tolerate:
Refrigeration & stomach acid
65
Listeria monocytogenes are widespread in _____ & _____ but become pathogenic when _____
Soil & water; foodborene
66
What is the means to how individuals acquire a listeria monocytogenes infection:
When pathogen becomes food-borne
67
Give of where listeria monocytogenes may become a food-borne pathogen:
Processed meats like hotdogs, dairy like brie cheese
68
Listeria monocytogenes are ______ meaning that they can reside within enterocytes & macrophages:
Facultatively intracellular
69
Because listeria monocytogenes are facultatively intracellular they can reside within:
1. Enterocytes (columnar epithelial cells lining gut) 2. Macrophages
70
Disease caused by infection with listeria monocytogenes:
Listeriosis
71
Listeriosis is rare with only around _____ cases per year Describe exposure:
2500 Exposure is common (10% are asymptotic carrier)
72
Describe the virulence factors of listeria monocytogenes:
Listeriolysin O (a pore-forming toxin that allows phagosome escape)
73
A pore-forming toxin allowing phagosome escape seen in listeria monocytogenes:
Listeriolysin O
74
Listeria & other bacteria cross the mucous membrane into tissues by passing through:
M cells
75
After listeria pass through M cells to cross the mucous membrane they are:
Engulfed by macrophages
76
What occurs once listeria are engulfed by macrophage?
Bacteria are released from macrophages (toxins) & enter host cells by endocytosis
77
How do listeria bacteria move from cell to cell?
They polymerize actin to form filaments that propel them
78
What is a problems with listeria getting into macrophages?
They can end up being passed from one cell to another hidden in the macrophage
79
What is a concern with intracellular listeria monocytogenes in pregnant women?
The bacteria can be transmitted across the placenta unknowingly
80
When listeria monocytogenes are passed across the placenta to the fetus, this can lead to:
Fetal death due to brain abscess & meningitis
81
Listeria's ability to transmit from one cell to another without exposure to the exterior of the cell allows the bacteria to:
Evade the host's humoral immune response
82
In mutant listeria that lack ______, the oxidative burst in infected macrophages is stimulated by _____ and this will eradicate the infection
Lysteriolysin; CD4+ T cell interferon-gamma
83
In mutant listeria that lack lysteriolysin, the oxidative burst in infected macrophages (which is stimulated by CD4+ T cell Interferon-gamma) will:
Eradicate the infection
84
In wild-type listeria, where the bacteria escape to the cytoplasm, the additional ____ action by _____ is required before the infection is eradicated:
Lytic action; CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes
85
In wild-type listeria, where bacteria escape to the cytoplasm, the addition lytic action by CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes is:
Required before the infection is eradicated
86
Discuss the epidemiology of listeria monocytogenes:
1. Immune compromised 2. Neonates 3. Elderly 4. Pregnant women 5. Contaminated food

Microbiology (22 decks)

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