Spirochete-Mycoplasma (EXAM III) Flashcards by Annabella Moody

Describe the gram stain & shape of Treponema palladium:

Gram negative (but no LPS); Spirochete

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Discuss the flagella of Treponema palladium:

3 per pole & located in an axial filament organization (between inner & outer membrane)

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Treponema palladium are _____ meaning they only survive transmission without exposure

Fragile

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Discuss the transmission of Treponema palladium:

Sexual & congenital (placental) transmission in body fluids & mucous membranes

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What causes the disease (virulence factors) in Treponema Palladium?

Host response causes disease symptoms

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Treponema palladium is responsible for what disease?

Syphilis

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Syphilis can be described as ____ —> _____ thanks to Columbus

New-world; Old world

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Discuss the transmission of Syphilis:

Sexual (human reservoir) & Congenital (spirochete crosses placenta)

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What are the risks associated with congenital transmission of syphilis:

Late lehtality

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How does Syphilis manifest in stage 1 of the disease?

Local: hard chancre/ulcer at site of infection (infectious)

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In syphilis infectious in stage 1 of the disease?

Yes

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How does Syphilis manifest in stage 2 of the disease?

Disseminated: rash, aches, mucous membrane lesions (infectious)

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Is syphilis infectious at stage 2 of the disease?

Yes

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Why is a stage 2 syphilis infection considered the “great imitator”?

Nonspecific symptoms (like many other disease)

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How does syphilis manifest in stage 3 of the disease?

Gummas, damage to blood vessels, eyes & CNS, & insanity (not infectious)

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Is syphilis infectious at stage 3 of the disease?

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2-6 weeks; chancre, which heals spontaneously, giving false sense of relief:

Primary syphilis

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Period of syphilis infection between 2-24 weeks:

Asymptomatic period

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2-6 weeks; 50% of primary infections to progress to this; symptoms typically resolve spontaneously (but recurrence in 25% with 1 year):

Secondary syphilis

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What is the chance of recurrence for a secondary syphilis infection?

35% with 1 year

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The microbes persist for ____ of secondary infections, with ___ exhibiting tertiary syphilus infections

2/3; 1/2

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Syphilis infections that is described as diffuse, chronic inflammation:

Tertiary syphilis

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The symptoms of tertiary syphilis are indicators of:

Chronic inflammation

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The granuloma lesion that is an inflammatory mass which can perforate, found on the roof of the mouth & other tissues, that forms in tertiary syphilis:

Gummas

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Congenital syphilis is completely preventable by:

Penicillin treatment EARLY in pregnancy

Syphilis causes a _______ in utero OR when initially born without symptoms

High lethality

What are characteristic signs of congenital syphilis in children?

Facial & dental abnormalities like Hutchinson's incisors & Mulberry molars

What the treatment for Syphilis?

Pencillin for primary & secondary infections (which contain actively growing spirochetes)

Is the vaccine for syphilis?

Describe the gram stain & shape of Borrelia:

Gram negative; spirochete

What disease is caused by Borellia Burgdorferi?

Lyme disease

Borellia Burgdorferi that causes Lyme disease is carried on:

Ixodes scapularis ticks

What sustains Borellia Burgdorferi?

The tick transmission cycle

Lyme disease risk is greatest:

In sprin & summer but can occur during all four seasons

Feed in the late spring & early summer & are responsible for transmission of the majority of infections to humans (Lyme disease):

Nymphs

Discuss the transmission factors of Borellia Burgdorferi:

Ticks transmit the disease but the reservoirs are rodents & deer

Discuss the acute phase of Lyme disease:

Local erythema migrant rash & fever

What is the local erythema migrans rash caused by?

Due to migration of spirochete through tissue at site of tick bite

Discuss the disseminated phase of Lyme disease:

Nerve paralysis & heart arrythmias (2-8 weeks)

Discuss the chronic phase of Lyme disease:

Arthritis, CNS paralysis (due to persistant immune response) greater than or equal to 6 months

Is there an effective vaccine for Lyme disease (Borellia Burgdorferi)?

Relapsing fever is caused by what bacterial species?

Borrelia Recurrentis & Borrelia Miyamotoi

Relapsing fever caused by Borrelia species is caused by:

Effective immune response to antigenic variation (virulence factor)

The vector for relapsing fever caused by B. Recurrentis:

Body louse

The vector for relapsing fever caused by B. Miyamotoi:

Soft-shelled tick

The reservoir for relapsing fever caused by B. Recurrentis:

Humans

The reservoir for relapsing fever caused by B. Miyamotoi:

Rodents, soft-shelled ticks

B. Recurrentis is responsible for what infection?

Relapsing fever epidemic (Louse-borne)

B. Miyamotoi is responsible for what infection?

Relapsing fever endemic (tick-borne)

Rickettsia is considered an _____ bacteria

Atypical bacteria

Discuss the gram stain of rickettsia:

Gram negative

Rickettsia is an obligate _______ parasite

Obligate intracellular

Rickettsia is an obligate intracellular parasite with entry into ____ cells and then ____

Endothelial cells; escape into cytoplasm

Rickettsia causes _____ in humans

Vascular hemorrhages

Discuss the transmission of Rickettsia: (include vector & reservoir)

Zoonotic pathogen; wood ticks are vectors; wild rodents are the reservoirs

What bacteria is responsible for Rocky Mountain spotted fever?

Rickettsia

Rocky Mountain spotted fever caused by Rickettsia is a _____ disease

Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) immune disease

Rocky Mountain spotted fever is characterized by:

1. Rash of extremities, then trunk 2. Hemorrhagic lesions 3. Dissemination to heart, kidneys, etc 4. Shock & death

The hemorrhagic lesions seen in rocky mountain spotted fever occur with:

Disseminated vascular CTL lysis of endothelial cells

In Rocky Mountain spotted fever dissemination to the heart, kidneys, etc. lead to:

Shock & death

What is is the mortality rate if rocky mountain spotted fever is left untreated?

20-40%

What aspect of relapsing fever makes it so virulent?

Antigenic variation causing immune response

The agent of chlamydia is:

Chlamydia trachomatis

The most frequently sexually transmitted infection:

Chlamydia

Chlamydia is an obligate _____

Intracellular parasite

Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular parasite and is considered an:

"ATP"-parasite

Although the bacterial of chlamydia trachomatis appears like a normal gram negative, what makes it unique?

No peptidoglycan synthesis

Describe the cause of the disease manifestations in chlamydia infections:

Inflammatory cytokines released from infected cells

In chlamydia trichromatis infections, inflammatory cytokines released fro infected cells, cause disease manifestations that result in:

Damaging cell-mediated immune response in various tissues

Many people who have chlamydia trachomatis can be:

Asymptomatic carriers

Describe the growth of chlamydia trachomatis:

1. EBs attach to susceptible cell 2. EBs ingested by cell 3. EBs reorganize to RBs once inside cell 4. RBs under growth and BF (24 hours) 5. RBs reorganize into EBs 6. Extrusion of mass of EBs by reverse endocytosis

The stable, infectious form of chlamydia trachomatis:

Elementary bodies

The replicating, noninfectious form of chlamydia trachomatis:

Reticulate bodies

How do EBs escape the host cell in order to spread to other cells?

Reverse endocytosis (exocytosis)

Chlamydia disease manifestations are caused by:

CMI response that damage tissue

8 serotypes of chlamydial diseases cause:

Gonorrheal-like sexual disease

3 serotypes of chlamydial diseases cause:

Lymphogranuloma venereum

4 serotypes of chlamydial diseases cause:

Trachoma

Describe the chlamydia disease, lymphogranuloma venereum:

Rare in US; infected groin lymph nodes; can distend scrotum

Mucopurulent urethritis, cervicitis, salpingitis (Fallopian tube infection) are all symptoms associated with:

Gonorrheal-like sexual diseases caused by chlamydia

How do chlamydia that cause gonorrheal-like sexual diseaseS obtain mobility?

By adhesion to sperm

In men gonorrheal-like sexual diseases that are caused by chlamydia are responsible for:

Epididymitis prostatitis

In women gonorrheal-like sexual disease that are caused by chlamydia are responsible for:

PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), scarring, ectopic pregnancy & decreased fertility

Describe trachoma that is caused by chlamydia:

Endemic chronic eye infection that leads to blindness

Discuss the causes and symptoms of ophthalmia neonatorum:

Chlamydia is obtained by baby through the birth canal; leads to conjunctivitis & pneumonia in newborns

Describe immune protection & reinfection of chlamydia trachomatis:

No immune protection & reinfection causes strong CMI

Chlamydia strain that causes a mild walking pneumonia:

Chlamydia pneumoniae

Describe the gram stain of mycoplasma pneumoniae:

Non-gram staining

Why is mycoplasma pneimoniae "non-gram staining"?

No rigid cell wall; lacks peptidoglycan

Describe the effectiveness of penicillin & lysozyme against mycoplasma pneumoniae:

Both drugs act on peptidoglycan therefore they are not effective

Describe the membrane of mycoplasma pneumoniae:

Strong membranes due to sterols

In what mode of sterilization is not effective against mycoplasma pneumoniae? Why?

Filtration- because its extremely small (0.45 micrometers)

The smallest prokaryotic species are _____, specifically _____

Mycoplasma species; M. Genitalium

Describe the genome of Mycoplasma genitalium:

580,070 bp - 475 genes

Discuss the oxygen requirements of mycoplasma pneumonia:

Strict aerobe

Because mycoplasma pneumoniae are strict aerobes, they have a preference for:

Bronchial mucosa

Discuss vaccine/immunity against mycoplasma pneumoniae:

No vaccination; fading protective immunity after recovery

Discuss the vaccinations available for: 1. Pneumococcal pneumonia 2. Klebsiella pneumonia 3. Mycoplasmal pneumonia

1. Capsular vaccine available 2. No vaccine available 3. No vaccine available

Also known as "walking pneumonia" because its typically mild & does not require need for hospitalization:

Mycoplasma pneumonia