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Microbiology > Antiviral Treatment Strategies (EXAM IV) > Flashcards

Antiviral Treatment Strategies (EXAM IV) Flashcards

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1
Q

Antiviral treatment strategies/targets include:

A
  1. Inhibitors of viral replication
  2. Virus entry
  3. Viral genome replication
  4. Viral release
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2
Q

Every step in _____ is a potential target for antiviral treatment

A

Viral replication

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3
Q

Targeting _____ is generally not a feasible antiviral treatment strategy

A

Host cell functions

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4
Q

Why is targeting host cell functions not generally feasible?

A

Due to toxicity

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5
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act on the penetration step?

A

Enfuvirtide & fusion inhibitors

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6
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act after penetration & before uncoating?

A

Rimantadine & Amantadine

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7
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act on the genome replication phase?

A

-Acyclovir
-Ganciclovir
-Foscarnet
-HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors

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8
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act after genome replication but before RNA synthesis?

A

Ribavirin & interferon

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9
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act after RNA synthesis & before protein synthesis?

A

Interferon

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10
Q

What type of antiviral drugs act after assembly but before release?

A

Neuraminidase inhibitors

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11
Q

HIV fusion inhibitor that binds to gp41 region that folds back onto itself & prevents fusion of membranes (very specific to HIV):

A

Enfuvirtide

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12
Q

Enfuvirtide is a ______ inhibitor

A

HIV fusion

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13
Q

Enfuvirtide binds to _____ region that folds back onto itself and prevents _______

A

gp41 region; fusion of membranes

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14
Q

CCR5 binding inhibitor:

A

Maraviroc

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15
Q

What step do both Enfuvirtide & Maraviroc work at?

A

Virus entry

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16
Q

This step in viral infection is used to prevent influenza infections & blocks penetration & uncoating of influenza A virus:

A

Virus entry

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17
Q

The drug used to prevent influenza entry & blocks penetration & uncoating of influenza A virus (basically blocks virus entry):

A

Amantadine

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18
Q

Analog of Amantadine:

A

Rimantadine

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19
Q

Amantadine & Rimantadine affect:

A

M2’s function as an ion channel

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20
Q

How does Amantadine & Rimantadine affect M2’s function as an ion channel?

A

Following endocytosis, acidification of endosomes occur & M2 can function as ion channel & the acidification within vision drives the viral disassembly

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21
Q

Following endocytosis, acidification of _____ occurs, then ____ can function as an ion channel

A

Endosomes; M2

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22
Q

Acidification within virion drives:

A

Viral dissassembly

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23
Q

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb’s) against SARS CoV-2 are:

A

Viral entry inhibitors

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24
Q

What is one treatment option for COVID-19?

A

Monoclonal antibodies

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25
Q

The monoclonal antibodies used to treat covid-19, bind _____ & _____

A

SARS-CoV-2 virions; neutralize them

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26
Q

Monoclonal antibodies bind SARS-CoV-2 virions & “neutralize” them meaning:

A

They block the virus from interacting with ACE2 receptors & entering cells

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27
Q

The first monoclonal antibody for treating covid-19 was derived from:

A

A patient that had recovered from the disease

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28
Q

When deriving the first monoclonal antibody, the patient that had recovered from the disease had serum that contains:

A

A neutralizing IgG1 antibody, directed against the SARs-CoV-2 spike (S) protein

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29
Q

Result of rational drug design (nucleoside analog) that target herpesviruses by inhibiting DNA synthesis:

A

Acyclovir

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30
Q

Acyclovir inhibits:

A

DNA synthesis

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31
Q

Why is Acyclovir specific to infected cells?

A

Because viral thymidine kinase (TK) is much more efficient than cellular TK

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32
Q

Describe Acyclovir’s effects on latency:

A

No effect on latency

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33
Q

What are two drugs that are structurally similar to acyclovir:

A
  1. Deoxyguanosine
  2. Ganciclovir
34
Q

How does Acyclovir progress to Acyclovir monophosphate?

A

Acted on by viral TK & ATP

35
Q

How does Acyclovir monophosphate progress to Acyclovir triphosphate?

A

Acted on by cellular kinases & ATP

36
Q

Acyclovir is NOT effective against what herpesvirus?

A

CMV

37
Q

Drug that is effective against CMV compared to Acyclovir, although it is more toxic:

A

Ganciclovir

38
Q

Why is Ganciclovir more toxic than Acyclovir?

A

Cellular TK uses drug better

39
Q

What is the nucleoside analog to Ganciclovir?

A

Gancicivir

40
Q

Drug that DIRECTLY inhibits herpesvirus & cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase:

A

Foscarnet

41
Q

What issues are seen with Foscarnet use?

A

Nephrotoxicity issues

42
Q

Foscarnet is considered a _____ inhibitor

A

Non-nucleoside

43
Q

A nucleoside analog that interferes with the action of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase:

A

Remdesivir

44
Q

How does Remdesivir work?

A

Interferes with action of viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase & causes RNA synthesis termination after a few nucleotides

45
Q

What virus does Remdesivir aim to treat?

A

SARS-CoV-2

46
Q

In hepatits C, what is responsible for cleaving viral proteins to their final mature sizes?

A

Viral protease

47
Q

In hepatitis C, what is responsible for viral genome replication & transcription?

A

Viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

48
Q

Discuss the treatment for Hepatitis C virus:

A

Newer 2-drug combination therapies target specific HCV enzymes

49
Q

For hepatitis C, the newer 2-drug combination therapies target specific:

A

HCV enzymes

50
Q

A Hep C treatment that functions as an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase:

A

Sofosbuvir & Ledipasvir

51
Q

In addition to targeting specific HCV enzymes, and inhibiting RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, other HCV treatments target:

A

Viral protease

52
Q

A SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitor that inhibits the production of mature (cleaved) viral proteins:

A

Paxlovid

53
Q

Paxlovid inhibits:

A

Production of mature (cleaved) viral proteins

54
Q

Paxlovid is considered a protease inhibitor, but more specifically is:

A

A peptidomimetic inhibitor

55
Q

If we are talking about a peptidomimetic inhibitor, we are discussing:

A

Paxlovid

56
Q

A relatively broad-spectrum anti-DNA virus drug:

A

Cidofovir

57
Q

Cidofovir inhibits:

A

Viral DNA polymerase

58
Q

This drug is a nucleoside analog, use is mainly limited Cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDs patients (toxicity limits dosage levels):

A

Cidofovir

59
Q

List the categories of anti-HIV drugs:

A
  1. Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI)
  2. Nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTI)
  3. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)
60
Q

Anti-HIV drug that needs to be phosphorylated by cellular enzymes before being used by HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) (Like acyclovir):

A

NRTI

61
Q

HIV-RT uses this type of analog and since they lack a 3’-OH, DNA synthesis (reverse transcription) stops:

A

Nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors

62
Q

Act like NRTI but do not need to be phosphorylated (already contain phosphate):

A

Nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NtRTI)

63
Q

Bind sites on HIV RT enzyme that cause it to stop functioning, blocking reverse transcription:

A

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTI)

64
Q

HIV protease cleaves the initial HIV proteins to their final mature sizes, so these drugs attempt to mimic an HIV protease cut site, competitively inhibiting HIV protease:

A

Protease inhibitors (Anti-HIV drugs)

65
Q

Protease inhibitors used to treat HIV may also be referred to as:

A

Peptidomimetic inhibitors

66
Q

HAART:

A

Highly active antiretroviral therapy

67
Q

At least three drugs in combination, including two nucleoside inhibitor plus a NNRTI or protease inhibitor:

A

HAART

68
Q

Anti-HIV drug that blocks integration of HIV dsDNA into host cell chromosomal DNA:

A

Integrase inhibitor

69
Q

What step do integrate inhibitors interfere with?

A

Interferes with the strand transfer step

70
Q

List the steps of HIV replication/infection that are targeted by anti-viral therapies:

A
  1. Entry
  2. Reverse transcription
  3. Integration
  4. Maturation
71
Q

Neuraminidase inhibitors are used against what virus and target what step?

A

Influenza virus; Release of virus from envelope

72
Q

How do neuraminidase inhibitors function?

A

Cleaves sialic acid

73
Q

What allows neuraminidase inhibitors to cleave sialic acid?

A

Neuraminisase has enzymatic activity

74
Q

Neuraminidase inhibitors prevent efficient:

A

Spread of virus from cell-to-cell

75
Q

Give an example of a neuraminidase inhibitor used against influenza virus:

A

Tamiflu

76
Q

A broader-spectrum antiviral:

A

Interferons

77
Q

Natural products discovered in 1957; assist the immune response:

A

Interferons

78
Q

list the three ways in which interferons function as broad-spectrum antivirals:

A
  1. Inhibit viral replication within host cells
  2. Activate natural killer cells & macrophages
  3. Increase antigen presentation to lymphocytes
79
Q

Effects of interferon therapy include:

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Fever
  3. Myalgias
80
Q

Interferon therapy was formerly the main treatment for ______ and also formerly used for ____

A

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) & HBV

81
Q

A purine nucleoside analog that inhibits many RNA viruses & some DNA viruses:

A

Ribavirin

82
Q

Ribivirn (a purine nucleoside analog) may be used to treat:

A
  1. Influenza A & B
  2. Measles
  3. Respiratory syncytial virus

Microbiology (22 decks)

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