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Microbiology > Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Cornyebacterium (EXAM III) > Flashcards

Helicobacter, Pseudomonas, Bordetella, Cornyebacterium (EXAM III) Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the gram stain & shape of helicobacter pylori:

A

Gram negative; virbrio (curved-spiral rod)

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2
Q

Curved spiral rod shape some bacteria take on:

A

Vibrio

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3
Q

List the virulence factors of helicobacter pylori:

A
  1. urease
  2. VacA
  3. CagA
  4. mucinase
  5. flagella
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4
Q

Describe the role of the virulence factor “urease”, in helicobacter pylori infection:

A

Urease breaks down urea into ammonia causing a pH increase leading to the neutralization of stomach acid

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5
Q

Describe the role of the virulence factor “VacA”, in helicobacter pylori infection:

A

this is a protein that acts on gastric mucosal epithelia to promote flow of urea into the stomach

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6
Q

Describe the role of the virulence factor “CagA”, in helicobacter pylori infection:

A

this is a protein that is injected into host epithelia that causes cell changes (prelude to cancer)

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7
Q

Describe the role of the virulence factor “mucinase”, in helicobacter pylori infection:

A

this is an enzyme that degrades the mucous layer allowing for the bacteria to penetrate

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8
Q

Describe the role of the virulence function of flagella in helicobacter pylori:

A

Very important for the colonization on the epithelial surface of the stomach

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9
Q

In helicobacter pylori, this breaks down urea into ammonia causing a pH increase leading to the neutralization of stomach acid

A

Urease

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10
Q

In helicobacter pylori, this is a protein that acts on gastric mucosal epithelia to promote flow of urea into the stomach

A

VacA

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11
Q

In helicobacter pylori, this is a protein that is injected into host epithelia that causes cell changes (prelude to cancer)

A

CagA

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12
Q

In helicobacter pylori, this is an enzyme that degrades the mucous layer allowing for the bacteria to penetrate

A

Mucinase

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13
Q

VacA is also a _____ that induces damage to cells

A

Cytotoxin

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14
Q

What allows helicobacter pylori organisms to survive the acidity of stomach juices?

A

Urease

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15
Q

Once the helicobacter pylori reach the mucous layer they penetrate the epithelial surface causing:

A

An inflammatory response

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16
Q

Helicobacter pylori’s ability to thin the mucous lining will cause:

A

Ulcers in 10-20% of infected individuals

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17
Q

Only a small percentage of individuals infected with helicobacter pylori will develop cancer however:

A

more 90% of individuals with stomach cancer are infected with H. Pylori

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18
Q

In most people with H. Pylori infections, they present

A

Symptom-free

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19
Q

Describe the gram stain & shape of pseudomas aeruginosa:

A

Gram negative; short rods

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20
Q

Describe the flagella on psuedomonas:

A

They are polar; one or more; allow high mobility

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21
Q

Describe the oxygen requirements for pseudomonas aeruginosa:

A

Obligate aerobe

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22
Q

Describe the nutrient requirements of pseudomonas aeruginosa:

A

Simple nutrient requirements- able to grow on hundreds of carbon sources for example

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23
Q

What is the temperature range in which pseudomonas aeruginosa can grow & multiply:

A

Broad temperature range; 20-43 degrees celcius

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24
Q

List the virulence factors of pseudomonas aeruginosa:

A
  1. Aliginate
  2. Lipopolysaccharide
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25
Q

What is the function of the virulence factor “alginate” in pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Adherence, protection from dehydration & immune invasion, a source of biofilm formation

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26
Q

What is the function of the virulence factor lipopolysaccharide in pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A
  1. Lipid A portion is endotoxic
  2. core interacts with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)
  3. O antigen protects from complement-mediated killing
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27
Q

CFTR=

A

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

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28
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is considered a _____ pathogen

A

Opportunistic

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29
Q

Give examples of when pseudomonas aeruginosa may cause opportunistic infection:

A
  1. Cancer
  2. Cystic fibrosis
  3. Disease or weakened immunity
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30
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is common in the:

A

Environment (water + soil)

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31
Q

What is an example of a perfect culture condition for pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Hot tub

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32
Q

Why might a hot tub be an ideal environment to grow pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Pseudomonas are heat tolerant

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33
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa are resistant to:

A
  1. Many chemical disinfections (like iodine)
  2. Many antibiotics
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34
Q

What allows for pseudomonas aeruginosa to be resistant to many antibiotics?

A

R-plasmid

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35
Q

What allows pseudomonas aeruginosa to be resistant to many chemical disinfectants?

A

Capsule & alignate

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36
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa are a major problem in:

A

Hospitals due to nosocomial infections

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37
Q

Give examples of when pseudomonas aeruginosa may cause infections in a hospital setting:

A
  1. Lungs - ventilators & CF patients
  2. Skin - burn victims
  3. Bladder infections
  4. Ear infections
  5. Eye infections- contact lenses
38
Q

What strains of psuedomonas aeruginosa may infect the lungs in patients with CF or on a ventilator?

A

Mucoid strains

39
Q

Swimmer’s ear is also called _____ and may be caused by _____

A

Otitis externa; pseudomonas aeruginosa

40
Q

What bacteria has a characteristic green sheen?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

41
Q

What are two characteristic factors of pseudomonas aeruginosa that are also virulence factors?

A

Soluble blue-green dyes pyocyanin & pyoverdin

42
Q

One major clinical feature in which pseudomonas causes infection is in:

A

Pulmonary tract- CF patients

43
Q

What is the epidemiology of pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

Nosocomial infections

44
Q

Describe the gram stain & shape of bordetella pertussis:

A

Gram negative; coccobacilli

45
Q

Describe what coccobacilli means:

A

Not quite rods, not quite bacilli

46
Q

What are the oxygen requirements of bordetella pertussis?

A

Strict aerobe

47
Q

Because bordetella pertussis lack a flagella they are:

A

Non-motile

48
Q

Bordetella pertussis contain a _____ that serves as a virulence factor

49
Q

Describe the growth & location of B. Pertussis:

A

Show dense growth in the lower respiratory tract (bronchi & bronchioli) without cell invasion & induce strong mucus secretion

50
Q

What is the only known reservoir of B. Pertussis & why is this significant?

A

Humans- adult humans are the reservoir and pass it on to children who show the disease symptoms

51
Q

Whooping cough is a childhood illness caused by:

A

Bordetella pertussis

52
Q

Bordetella is able to adhere to _____ to cause infection but it does not ____

A

Ciliated respiratory tract cells; invade

53
Q

What is the main cause of illness with bordetella pertussis?

A

The toxins associated with B. pertussis

54
Q

What are the toxins of Bordetella Pertussis?

A
  1. Pertussis toxin (PTX)
  2. Secreted invasive adenylate cyclase/hemolysin
  3. Tracheal cytotoxin
55
Q

Describe the mechanism of pertussis toxin (PTX):

A

ADP-ribosylation of G protein leading to increased cAMP which results in increased mucous & other secretions

56
Q

Describe the mechanism of the secreted invasive adenylate cyclase/hemolysin toxin of Bordetella Pertussis:

A

Invades epithelial cells further increases cAMP production = even more mucus

57
Q

Describe the mechanism of the tracheal cytotoxin produced Bordetella Pertussis:

A

Induces nitric oxide release that ends up killing ciliated cells

58
Q

_____ is a toxin of B. Pertussis that is actually not a protein, rather just a component of peptidoglycan layer

A

Tracheal cytotoxin

59
Q

Describe the structure of the tracheal cytotoxin (in B. Pertussis):

A

Disaccharide-tetrapeptide

60
Q

The tracheal cytotoxin of B. Pertussis causes:

A

Nitric oxide release (NO)

61
Q

Most gram negative bacteria keep tracheal cytotoxin (TCT) within the cell wall by using transporter protein to recycle it, however B. Pertussis:

A

Is not capable of recycling TCT and it escapes to the surrounding environment where it has devastating effects on ciliated cells

62
Q

What is the treatment of B. Pertussis?

A

DTaP vaccine (Diptheria, Tetanus, Acellular Pertussis)

63
Q

What is important about the Pertussis component of the DTaP vaccine?

A

Important that the Pertussis is ACELLULAR

64
Q

Describe the epidemiology of B. Pertussis:

A

Aerosol transmission- mild symptoms in adults who are the reservoirs but ultimately a children’s disease

65
Q

Describe the gram stain & shape of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae:

A

Gram +, pleiomorphic (often club-shaped) rods

66
Q

What does pleiomorphic mean?

A

Doesn’t have a particular set shape

67
Q

Because Corrynebacterium diptheriae can be part of our normal oral flora but can cause infection it is considered:

A

An opportunistic pathogen

68
Q

Describe the location of effects caused by infection by corynebacterium diptheriae:

A

Oral pathogen with systemic effects

69
Q

Describe the cytotoxin of Corynebacterium Diptheriae:

A

Diptheriae toxin; phage-beta encoded; A-B toxin

70
Q

What is the diphtheria toxin responsible for?

A

Psuedomembrane in throat; heart & kidney damage

71
Q

How the diphtheria toxin produced by Corynebacterium Diptheriae function?

A

Inhibits protein synthesis by inactivating an elongation factor or eukaryotic cells, this results in the killing of local cells (in the throat) but can also be carried in the blood stream to various organs

72
Q

Describe the mechanism of the diphtheria toxin:

A

NAD + EF-2 —> ADP-Ribose-EF2 (inactivated) + Nicotinamide

73
Q

The diphtheria toxin is a ____ toxin

74
Q

The diphtheria toxin binds to a receptor via the ____ component

75
Q

How does the diphtheria toxin get into the cell?

A

Internalized via endocytosis pathway into endosome

76
Q

What the happens when the endosome containing the diphtheria toxin matures?

A

Results in cleavage of the A component from the B component

77
Q

Describe the A component of the diphtheria toxin and its function:

A

The A component is a ADP-ribosylase; It will add an ADP-ribose group to the translation factor EF2

78
Q

What happens when the A component of the diphtheria toxin adds an asp-ribose group to the translation factor EF2?

A

This stops translation causing local cell death (throat)

79
Q

What virulence factors does Corynebacterium diptheriae contain?

A
  1. Throat adhesion
  2. Diphtheria toxin
80
Q

Ultimately the diphtheria toxin causes:

A

ADP-ribosylation of EF2, causing translation to stop

(Cell death & pseudomembrane)

81
Q

What toxin is responsible for ADP-ribosylation of EF2 causing termination of translation:

A

Diphtheria toxin

82
Q

What is the significance of the pseudomembrane caused by the diphtheria toxin?

A

Can cause blockage of throat and inhibit airway

83
Q

What is the pseudomembrane caused by diphtheria toxin comprised of?

A
  1. C. Diptheriae cells
  2. Damaged host cells
  3. Blood
84
Q

List the LOCAL disease risks from the diphtheria toxins:

A
  1. Paralysis (impaired swallowing & peripheral neuritis)
  2. Suffocation (due to blockage)
85
Q

List the SYSTEMIC disease risks from the diphtheria toxin:

A
  1. Cardiac arrythmia
  2. Kidney failure
86
Q

Discuss the treatment to infection with Corynebacterium Diptheriae:

A

Prevent toxoid by vaccination

87
Q

Describe the epidemiology of Corynebacterium Diptheriae:

A

Spread by saliva droplets

88
Q

What vaccination is diphtheria a part of?

89
Q

Because vaccinated against diphtheria is part of:

A

Childhood vaccine protocol

90
Q

What does DPT stand for?

A

Diptheria, Pertussis, Tetanus

Microbiology (22 decks)

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