Vaccine & Immunizations (Exam IV) Flashcards by Annabella Moody

Q

The two key public health measures that have a major effects on lowering the incidence of infectious disease:

A

Public sanitation
Vaccines

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Q

Potable water supplies, sewage disposal & improvements in housing:

A

Public sanitation

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Q

Prevention of infectious diseases by inducing immune responses:

A

Vaccine

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Q

An immunizing agent derived from microorganisms:

A

Vaccines

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Q

Vaccines may consist of the following:

A

Live, attenuated microorganisms
Killed (irreversible inactivated) microogranisms
Products or derivatives of microorganisms

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Q

Types of immunization include:

A

Active immunization
Passive immunization

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Q

Administration of a vaccine:

A

Active immunization

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Q

Administration of exogenously produced or preformed antibodies:

A

Passive immunization

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Q

Passive immunization may also be considered:

A

Postexposure treatment

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Q

Passive immunization involved the injection of purified antibody or antibody-containing serum to provide:

A

Rapid, temporary protection or treatment

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Q

_____ receive natural passive immunization

A

Newborns

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Q

How do newborns receive natural passive immunization?

A

Maternal immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta & os present in breast milk

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Q

What are the uses of passive immunization (4):

A

To prevent disease after a known exposure
To ameliorate the symptoms of an ongoing disease
To protect immunodeficient individuals
To block the action of bacterial toxins and prevent the diseases they cause

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Q

Human immune globulins are used against:

A

Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Rabies
Respiratory syncytial virus
Varicella zoster
Tetanus

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Q

Animal antitoxins are used against:

A

Botulism
Diptheria

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Q

One limitation of passive immunization is that:

Sometimes ____ are not high enough

A

Antiviral titers

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Q

One limitation of passive immunization is that:

_____ can occur with other infectious agents

A

Contamination

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Q

One limitation of passive immunization is that:

Needs to be used _____

A

Early after exposure

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Q

One limitation of passive immunization is that:

It is often:

A

Not possible

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Q

One limitation of passive immunization is that:

Is that seen viruses have a limited:

A

Extracellular phase

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Q

What viruses have a limited extracellular phase, limiting the efficacy of passive immunity?

A

Herpesviruses
Enteroviruses

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Q

What can inhibit the immune response elicited by vaccines?

A

Antibody-containing products

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Q

Because antibody-containing products can inhibit the immune response elicited by vaccine, administration of vaccines should be:

A

Delayed until passive antibody has degraded

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Q

For disease with long incubation periods, both ____ & ____ are used for postexposure control

A

Active & passive immunization

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What are some diseases with long incubation periods that require both active & passive immunization for postexposure control:

Rabies, hepatitis B, Tetanus

Use of vaccines to elicit immune responses:

Active immunizations

Active immunizations may be:

Inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines or live (attenuated) vaccines

Type of vaccine in which their is no risk of infection:

Inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines

What type of active immunizations used large amounts of antigen?

Inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines

How are inactivated, subunit or killed vaccines created for bacteria, viruses?

Inactivated or killed by chemical treatment or heat

What are required to boost the immunogenicity of inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines?

Adjuvants

Alum (aluminum salt) & secretory IgA are types of:

Adjuvants

Modern adjuvants are designed to be or mimic:

PAMPs

List some modern adjuvants:

1. Bacterial cell wall components 2. Synthetic polymers 3. Bacterial toxins (attenuated)

Adjuvants influence the type of:

Immune response

Adjuvants influence the type of immune response, such as:

TH1 or TH2

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines include: Immunity is not usually:

Long-lived

Why is immunity generally not long-lived in inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines?

Because they generate a TH2 response that does not elicit effective immune memory

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines include: Immunity may be ____ & not ____

Humoral not cell-mediated

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines include: The vaccine does not usually elicit a:

Local IgA response

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines include: _____ are required

Booster shots

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines include: Larger _____ must be used

Doses

Bacterial vaccine that are toxoids include:

1. Cornybacterium diptheriae 2. Clostridium tetani

Inactivated, killed bacterial vaccines include:

Vibrio cholerae

Capsule or protein subunits of bacteria creating capsular polysaccharide vaccines include:

Haemophilus influenza B.

Cornybacterium diptheriae & Clostridium tetani are both:

Bacterial toxoid vaccines

What type of vaccine is the vibrio cholera vaccine?

Inactivated, killed bacterial vaccibne

The haemophilus influenza B vaccine is what type of vaccine?

Capsular polysaccharide vaccine

Hib polysaccharide + diphtheria toxoid are conjugated in a vaccine because polysaccharides are poor:

Immunogens

Viral vaccines are made of:

Inactivated viruses and protein subunits of viruses

Polio, hepatitis A, influenza & rabies vaccines are all _____ vaccines made of ____

Viral vaccines; inactivated viruses

Hepatitis B vaccine is a _____ vaccine made of ____

Viral vaccine; proteins subunits of the virus

Vaccines that use avirulent or attenuated organisms:

Live vaccines

The immunization with a live vaccine resembles:

natural infection

Following immunization with a live vaccine, the host reaction progresses through:

TH1 & TH1 immune responses

What immune responses are developed following immunization with a live vaccine?

Humoral, cellular & memory immune responses

With administration of a live vaccine, how many doses are generally required:

Single dose

With administration of a live vaccine, describe the resulting immunity:

Generally long-lived

Are adjuvants required with live vaccines?

No

Disadvantages of live vaccines include: Vaccine microorganisms may still be dangerous for:

Immunosupressed people or pregnant women

Why might vaccine microorganisms in live vaccines be dangerous for immunosuppressed or pregnant women?

They do not have the immunologic resources to resolve even a weakened infection

Disadvantages of live vaccines include: The vaccine microorganism may revert to:

A virulent form

Disadvantages of live vaccines include: The viability of the vaccine must be:

Maintained

Calmette-Guerin bacillis (for tuberculosis) is what type of vaccine?

Live bacterial vaccine

Calmette-Guerin bacillus vaccine is composed of:

Attenuated strain of mycobacterium Boris

Why is the Calmette-Guerin bacillus vaccine not routinely used in the United States?

Because vaccinated individuals show false-positive reaction to the tuberculosis test used in this country

What test is used to test for tuberculosis?

PPD test (purified protein derivative test)

The MMR vaccine is a ____ vaccine

A live viral vaccine

What does the MMR vaccine protect against?

Measles virus, mumps vires & rubella virus

What family of viruses does measles & mumps belong to?

Paramyxovirus family

What genus of measles is included in the MMR vaccine?

Morbillivirus

What genus of mumps is included in the MMR vaccine?

Paramyxovirus

What genus of rubella is included in the MMR vaccine?

Rubivirus

What family of viruses does rubella virus belong to?

Togavirus family

What other virus may be included in the MMR vaccine?

Varicella-Zoster (making it MMRV)

The host immune responses associated with disease protection:

Correlates of protection

Vaccine that protect solely or principally by induction of serum antibodies include:

Hep A & Tetanus

_____ play a role in protect against infections caused by agents that must first replicate on mucosal surfaces

Secretary antibodies

Example of secretory antibodies that play a role in protection against infections that must first replication on mucosal surfaces:

Rotavirus

Vaccines for which T-Cell responses are essential include:

Measles & Varicella

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines generate:

Active immunity

The SARS-CoV-2 vaccines Pfizer-BioNTech & Moderna are a _____ vaccine, encoding the ____

mRNA vaccine; spike protein

The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Johnson & Johnson- Janssen is a _____ vaccine, encoding the ____

Viral vector vaccine; spike protein

The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Novavax is a _____ vaccine, containing parts of the ____

Protein subunit vaccine; spike protein & adjuvants

Treatment for Covid-19 based on massive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 include:

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb's)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb's) against SARS-CoV-2 are:

Viral entry inhibitors

How do the monoclonal antibodies used to treat SARS-CoV-2 function to produce passive immunity?

These monoclonal antibodies bind SARS-CoV-2 virions & "neutralize" them

When discuss monoclonal antibodies ability to "neutralize" SARS-CoV-2 virions what do we mean?

This means they block the virus from interacting with ACE2 receptors & entering cells

The first mAb for treating COVID-19 was derived from a patient who recovered from the disease in which their serum contained:

A neutralizing IgG1 antibody directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein