Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Vaccine & Immunizations (Exam IV) > Flashcards

Vaccine & Immunizations (Exam IV) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The two key public health measures that have a major effects on lowering the incidence of infectious disease:

A
  1. Public sanitation
  2. Vaccines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Potable water supplies, sewage disposal & improvements in housing:

A

Public sanitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Prevention of infectious diseases by inducing immune responses:

A

Vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

An immunizing agent derived from microorganisms:

A

Vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Vaccines may consist of the following:

A
  1. Live, attenuated microorganisms
  2. Killed (irreversible inactivated) microogranisms
  3. Products or derivatives of microorganisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Types of immunization include:

A
  1. Active immunization
  2. Passive immunization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Administration of a vaccine:

A

Active immunization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Administration of exogenously produced or preformed antibodies:

A

Passive immunization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Passive immunization may also be considered:

A

Postexposure treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Passive immunization involved the injection of purified antibody or antibody-containing serum to provide:

A

Rapid, temporary protection or treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

_____ receive natural passive immunization

A

Newborns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How do newborns receive natural passive immunization?

A

Maternal immunoglobulin that crosses the placenta & os present in breast milk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the uses of passive immunization (4):

A
  1. To prevent disease after a known exposure
  2. To ameliorate the symptoms of an ongoing disease
  3. To protect immunodeficient individuals
  4. To block the action of bacterial toxins and prevent the diseases they cause
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Human immune globulins are used against:

A

Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Rabies
Respiratory syncytial virus
Varicella zoster
Tetanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Animal antitoxins are used against:

A

Botulism
Diptheria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

One limitation of passive immunization is that:

Sometimes ____ are not high enough

A

Antiviral titers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

One limitation of passive immunization is that:

_____ can occur with other infectious agents

A

Contamination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

One limitation of passive immunization is that:

Needs to be used _____

A

Early after exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

One limitation of passive immunization is that:

It is often:

A

Not possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

One limitation of passive immunization is that:

Is that seen viruses have a limited:

A

Extracellular phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What viruses have a limited extracellular phase, limiting the efficacy of passive immunity?

A
  1. Herpesviruses
  2. Enteroviruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What can inhibit the immune response elicited by vaccines?

A

Antibody-containing products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Because antibody-containing products can inhibit the immune response elicited by vaccine, administration of vaccines should be:

A

Delayed until passive antibody has degraded

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

For disease with long incubation periods, both ____ & ____ are used for postexposure control

A

Active & passive immunization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are some diseases with long incubation periods that require both active & passive immunization for postexposure control:

A

Rabies, hepatitis B, Tetanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Use of vaccines to elicit immune responses:

A

Active immunizations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Active immunizations may be:

A

Inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines or live (attenuated) vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Type of vaccine in which their is no risk of infection:

A

Inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of active immunizations used large amounts of antigen?

A

Inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

How are inactivated, subunit or killed vaccines created for bacteria, viruses?

A

Inactivated or killed by chemical treatment or heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are required to boost the immunogenicity of inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines?

A

Adjuvants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Alum (aluminum salt) & secretory IgA are types of:

A

Adjuvants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Modern adjuvants are designed to be or mimic:

A

PAMPs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

List some modern adjuvants:

A
  1. Bacterial cell wall components
  2. Synthetic polymers
  3. Bacterial toxins (attenuated)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Adjuvants influence the type of:

A

Immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Adjuvants influence the type of immune response, such as:

A

TH1 or TH2

37
Q

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines include:

Immunity is not usually:

A

Long-lived

38
Q

Why is immunity generally not long-lived in inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines?

A

Because they generate a TH2 response that does not elicit effective immune memory

39
Q

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines include:

Immunity may be ____ & not ____

A

Humoral not cell-mediated

40
Q

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines include:

The vaccine does not usually elicit a:

A

Local IgA response

41
Q

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines include:

_____ are required

A

Booster shots

42
Q

Some disadvantages of inactivated, subunit & killed vaccines include:

Larger _____ must be used

A

Doses

43
Q

Bacterial vaccine that are toxoids include:

A
  1. Cornybacterium diptheriae
  2. Clostridium tetani
44
Q

Inactivated, killed bacterial vaccines include:

A

Vibrio cholerae

45
Q

Capsule or protein subunits of bacteria creating capsular polysaccharide vaccines include:

A

Haemophilus influenza B.

46
Q

Cornybacterium diptheriae & Clostridium tetani are both:

A

Bacterial toxoid vaccines

47
Q

What type of vaccine is the vibrio cholera vaccine?

A

Inactivated, killed bacterial vaccibne

48
Q

The haemophilus influenza B vaccine is what type of vaccine?

A

Capsular polysaccharide vaccine

49
Q

Hib polysaccharide + diphtheria toxoid are conjugated in a vaccine because polysaccharides are poor:

A

Immunogens

50
Q

Viral vaccines are made of:

A

Inactivated viruses and protein subunits of viruses

51
Q

Polio, hepatitis A, influenza & rabies vaccines are all _____ vaccines made of ____

A

Viral vaccines; inactivated viruses

52
Q

Hepatitis B vaccine is a _____ vaccine made of ____

A

Viral vaccine; proteins subunits of the virus

53
Q

Vaccines that use avirulent or attenuated organisms:

A

Live vaccines

54
Q

The immunization with a live vaccine resembles:

A

natural infection

55
Q

Following immunization with a live vaccine, the host reaction progresses through:

A

TH1 & TH1 immune responses

56
Q

What immune responses are developed following immunization with a live vaccine?

A

Humoral, cellular & memory immune responses

57
Q

With administration of a live vaccine, how many doses are generally required:

A

Single dose

58
Q

With administration of a live vaccine, describe the resulting immunity:

A

Generally long-lived

59
Q

Are adjuvants required with live vaccines?

A

No

60
Q

Disadvantages of live vaccines include:

Vaccine microorganisms may still be dangerous for:

A

Immunosupressed people or pregnant women

61
Q

Why might vaccine microorganisms in live vaccines be dangerous for immunosuppressed or pregnant women?

A

They do not have the immunologic resources to resolve even a weakened infection

62
Q

Disadvantages of live vaccines include:

The vaccine microorganism may revert to:

A

A virulent form

63
Q

Disadvantages of live vaccines include:

The viability of the vaccine must be:

A

Maintained

64
Q

Calmette-Guerin bacillis (for tuberculosis) is what type of vaccine?

A

Live bacterial vaccine

65
Q

Calmette-Guerin bacillus vaccine is composed of:

A

Attenuated strain of mycobacterium Boris

66
Q

Why is the Calmette-Guerin bacillus vaccine not routinely used in the United States?

A

Because vaccinated individuals show false-positive reaction to the tuberculosis test used in this country

67
Q

What test is used to test for tuberculosis?

A

PPD test (purified protein derivative test)

68
Q

The MMR vaccine is a ____ vaccine

A

A live viral vaccine

69
Q

What does the MMR vaccine protect against?

A

Measles virus, mumps vires & rubella virus

70
Q

What family of viruses does measles & mumps belong to?

A

Paramyxovirus family

71
Q

What genus of measles is included in the MMR vaccine?

A

Morbillivirus

72
Q

What genus of mumps is included in the MMR vaccine?

A

Paramyxovirus

73
Q

What genus of rubella is included in the MMR vaccine?

A

Rubivirus

74
Q

What family of viruses does rubella virus belong to?

A

Togavirus family

75
Q

What other virus may be included in the MMR vaccine?

A

Varicella-Zoster (making it MMRV)

76
Q

The host immune responses associated with disease protection:

A

Correlates of protection

77
Q

Vaccine that protect solely or principally by induction of serum antibodies include:

A

Hep A & Tetanus

78
Q

_____ play a role in protect against infections caused by agents that must first replicate on mucosal surfaces

A

Secretary antibodies

79
Q

Example of secretory antibodies that play a role in protection against infections that must first replication on mucosal surfaces:

A

Rotavirus

80
Q

Vaccines for which T-Cell responses are essential include:

A

Measles & Varicella

81
Q

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines generate:

A

Active immunity

82
Q

The SARS-CoV-2 vaccines Pfizer-BioNTech & Moderna are a _____ vaccine, encoding the ____

A

mRNA vaccine; spike protein

83
Q

The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Johnson & Johnson- Janssen is a _____ vaccine, encoding the ____

A

Viral vector vaccine; spike protein

84
Q

The SARS-CoV-2 vaccine Novavax is a _____ vaccine, containing parts of the ____

A

Protein subunit vaccine; spike protein & adjuvants

85
Q

Treatment for Covid-19 based on massive immunity to SARS-CoV-2 include:

A

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb’s)

86
Q

Monoclonal antibodies (mAb’s) against SARS-CoV-2 are:

A

Viral entry inhibitors

87
Q

How do the monoclonal antibodies used to treat SARS-CoV-2 function to produce passive immunity?

A

These monoclonal antibodies bind SARS-CoV-2 virions & “neutralize” them

88
Q

When discuss monoclonal antibodies ability to “neutralize” SARS-CoV-2 virions what do we mean?

A

This means they block the virus from interacting with ACE2 receptors & entering cells

89
Q

The first mAb for treating COVID-19 was derived from a patient who recovered from the disease in which their serum contained:

A

A neutralizing IgG1 antibody directed against the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein

Microbiology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions