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Mycobacteria (EXAM III) Flashcards

1
Q

Mycobacteria is a _______ bacteria genus

A

Acid fast

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2
Q

Mycobacteria have _____ in the cell wall

A

Mycolic acid

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3
Q

The mycolic acid in ______ of the mycobacteria make _____ less effective

A

Cell wall; gram staining

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4
Q

Describe the gram stain of mycobacteria:

A

Weak gram + staining

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5
Q

What is used instead of gram stain in mycobacteria?

A

Acid-fast stain or specific fluorescent detection

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6
Q

Discuss the oxygen requirements of mycobacteria:

A

Obligate aerobe

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7
Q

What two properties of mycobacterium allow them to grow in lung macrophages:

A
  1. Facultative intracellular growth
  2. Obligate aerobes
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8
Q

_____ are the reservoirs for mycobacteria

A

Humans

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9
Q

The basis for diseases caused by mycobacteria is ______ transmission

A

Airborne

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10
Q

As few as ____ cells can result in a mycobacterial infection:

A

10 cells

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11
Q

Mycobacteria was the first in the first organism met in:

A

Koch’s postulates

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12
Q

Describe acid-fast staining:

A

Involves driving a stain into the mycolic acid using a hot carbol fuchsin

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13
Q

Basically along the entire surface of bacterial cell wall structure in mycobacteria:

A

Glycolipids

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14
Q

Glycolipids on the surface of the bacterial cell wall structure in mycobacteria associate with _____ & cause _____

A

Mycolic acid; causes cord formation (adjacent cells sticking together)

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15
Q

What is the glycolipids covering the surface of the mycobacterial cell wall referred to as?

A

Cord factor

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16
Q

What is responsible for the virulence of mycobacteria?

A

Slow, cord-like growth

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17
Q

Cord-like growth of mycobacteria results from:

A

Adherence of cell surface lipid mycolic acids with glycol-lipids

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18
Q

Why many factors contribute to the virulence contribute to the virulence of mycobacteria, it is mainly resulting from:

A

The challenge they provide to the immune response

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19
Q

What do we mean when we say infection with mycobacteria “challenges the immune response”?

A

It obstructs the CD4+ T cell response in macrophages (Delayed-type hypersensitivity response)

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20
Q

A disease like Leprosy or TB is typcially caused by ____ & not _____

A

The character of the immune response & not the mycobacteria/toxins themselves

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21
Q

How do the mycobacteria facultatively grow intracellularly in alveolar & other macrophages?

A

Inhibition of phage-lysosome fusion

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22
Q

Involves a cell-mediated response that will result in a granuloma surrounded by lung tissue & inflammatory leukocytes & contains a central area of necrosis where then nuclei have been destroyed

A

CMI to mycobacterium tuberculosis

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23
Q

A ______ is surrounded by punctuate nuclei of lung tissue & inflammatory leukocytes

A

TB granuloma

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24
Q

What is at the center of a TB granuloma?

A

Central area of necrosis where nuclei have been destroyed

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25
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a "_____" pathogen Explain:
Life-long; once infected you may be asymptomatic but never cured
26
What is the transmission of mycobacterium tuberculosis?
Aerosol
27
Effective ____ is capable of localizing & stopping infection by M. Tuberculosis
Cell-mediated immune response
28
What is an exception to the idea that an effective cell-mediated response is capable of localizing & stopping infection of M. Tuberculosis?
Young children under 5 years have a high risk for developing progress TB due to insufficient immune system development/activation
29
The outcomes of untreated primary TB (for non-immune compromised patients) _____ show no disease (body keeps in under control) _____ show clinical TB _____ show progressive systemic disease & death
91% 6% 3%
30
Secondary tuberculosis is also known as:
1. Acute/open 2. Galloping consumption
31
Secondary tuberculosis is caused by:
Endogenous reactivation of prior infection
32
While ______ secondary tuberculosis is _____ and _____ is mandatory
Rare; VERY contagious; isolation
33
Endogenous reactivation of prior TB infection is stimulated by:
1. Stress 2. Malnutrition 3. HIV
34
Describe what M. Tuberculosis disease arises from:
Tissue destruction by our immune defenses & not by damage caused by the bacterial infection
35
In M. Tuberculosis, the repeated attempts to remove foci of infection by lung macrophages causes ____ that impairs lung function
Granulomatous lung tissue
36
Breathing impairment in TB is not due to Tuberculosis bacilli but by the:
Macrophage-induced tissue destruction
37
A positive tuberculin test to subdermal PPD (processed protein derivative) of the cell wall of the opportunistic intracellular pathogen micro tuberculosis
Mantoux reaction
38
The Mantoux reaction results form a positive _____ test to _____
Tuberculin; subdermal PPD
39
What determines whether you have positive or negative TB test?
Depends on strength of reaction
40
Positive TB test= Strongly positive TB test=
>10 mm redness >20 mm redness
41
Discuss the possibility of a vaccination to M. tuberculosis
Possibility of vaccination with a related mycobacterial species M. Bovus
42
What species does the M. Tuberculosis vaccine originate from?
M. bovus
43
Discuss the type of vaccine created for TB:
An attenuated vaccine, meaning it is a live bacterium that is "attenuated" meaning it is NOT capable of infection
44
Name of the TB vaccine:
Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)
45
BCG is the vaccine that protects against:
M. Tuberculosis
46
The BCG vaccination against M. Tuberculosis has _____ in humans but is ______ in________ persons
Little virulence; is infectious; immune-compromised
47
In what situations night the BCG vaccine for M. Tuberculosis offer some protective immunity?
When given to young children
48
Why is the BCG vaccine discouraged in the US?
Gives positive tuberculin test; thus removing an important diagnostic screening tool
49
M. Leprosy is really dependent in terms of course of disease on:
The genetic makeup of the individual that has been exposed
50
Describe what occurs when a healthy individual with a healthy immune system encounters M. Leprosy:
Cell-mediated (CMI) response conquers disease
51
Describe what occurs when an individual with a strong TH2-reponse encounters M. Leprosy:
Macropaghes kill nerves; macules & plaques without sensation (good for prognosis for recovery & NOT infectious)
52
In cases where you have a loss of CMI & TH2-response when encounter with M. Leprosy occurs what will happen?
CTL lysis & loss of tissues including nerves
53
Main symptoms of this disease is tissue destruction:
M. Leprosy
54
What is the more severe in terms of tissue loss between Tuberculoid Leprosy & Lepromatous Leprosy?
Lepramatous leprosy
55
Between Tuberculoid Leprosy & Lepromatous leprosy which is ore widespread with a higher bacterial growth?
Lepramatous Leprosy
56
Discuss the treatment option for Leprosy:
Multidrug therapy: Dapsone + Rifampin + Clofazamine
57
What is becoming a problem with Leprosy treatment?
Rising drug resistance
58
Discuss the virulence factors of M. Tuberculosis:
Ability to survive & live in lung macrophages
59
Discuss the clinical features of M. Tuberculosis:
Pulmonary (& extrapulmonary) tuberculosis
60
Discuss the treatment for M. Tuberculosis:
Multi-drug therapy; takes 6-12 months to be effective
61
Discuss the epidemiology of M. Tuberculosis:
Aerosol (person-to-person), all ages but high risk if immune compromised
62
Discuss the virulence factors of M. Leprae:
Ability to survive & live within macrophages
63
Discuss the clinical features of M. Leprae:
Tuberculoid-to-Lepramatous leprosy
64
Discusss the treatment for M. Leprae:
Multidrug therapy; takes 2+ for full effectiveness
65
Discuss the epidemiology of M. Leprae:
Close physical contact
66
ALL pathogenic mycobacterial species have:
Very slow growth rates
67
What is the gram stain for Nocardia:
Gram + but poor staining
68
Nocardia belong to the classification of:
Partially acid-fast
69
What makes nocardia "partially acid-fast"?
Prensence of mycolic acid in cell wall
70
The acid-fast test is used to distinguish Nocardia from:
Fungal look-alikes
71
Discuss the virulence factors of Nocardia:
Opportunistic pathogen (in immuno-compromised)

Microbiology (22 decks)

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