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Microbiology > Mycobacteria (EXAM III) > Flashcards

Mycobacteria (EXAM III) Flashcards

1
Q

Mycobacteria is a _______ bacteria genus

A

Acid fast

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2
Q

Mycobacteria have _____ in the cell wall

A

Mycolic acid

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3
Q

The mycolic acid in ______ of the mycobacteria make _____ less effective

A

Cell wall; gram staining

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4
Q

Describe the gram stain of mycobacteria:

A

Weak gram + staining

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5
Q

What is used instead of gram stain in mycobacteria?

A

Acid-fast stain or specific fluorescent detection

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6
Q

Discuss the oxygen requirements of mycobacteria:

A

Obligate aerobe

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7
Q

What two properties of mycobacterium allow them to grow in lung macrophages:

A
  1. Facultative intracellular growth
  2. Obligate aerobes
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8
Q

_____ are the reservoirs for mycobacteria

A

Humans

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9
Q

The basis for diseases caused by mycobacteria is ______ transmission

A

Airborne

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10
Q

As few as ____ cells can result in a mycobacterial infection:

A

10 cells

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11
Q

Mycobacteria was the first in the first organism met in:

A

Koch’s postulates

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12
Q

Describe acid-fast staining:

A

Involves driving a stain into the mycolic acid using a hot carbol fuchsin

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13
Q

Basically along the entire surface of bacterial cell wall structure in mycobacteria:

A

Glycolipids

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14
Q

Glycolipids on the surface of the bacterial cell wall structure in mycobacteria associate with _____ & cause _____

A

Mycolic acid; causes cord formation (adjacent cells sticking together)

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15
Q

What is the glycolipids covering the surface of the mycobacterial cell wall referred to as?

A

Cord factor

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16
Q

What is responsible for the virulence of mycobacteria?

A

Slow, cord-like growth

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17
Q

Cord-like growth of mycobacteria results from:

A

Adherence of cell surface lipid mycolic acids with glycol-lipids

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18
Q

Why many factors contribute to the virulence contribute to the virulence of mycobacteria, it is mainly resulting from:

A

The challenge they provide to the immune response

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19
Q

What do we mean when we say infection with mycobacteria “challenges the immune response”?

A

It obstructs the CD4+ T cell response in macrophages (Delayed-type hypersensitivity response)

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20
Q

A disease like Leprosy or TB is typcially caused by ____ & not _____

A

The character of the immune response & not the mycobacteria/toxins themselves

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21
Q

How do the mycobacteria facultatively grow intracellularly in alveolar & other macrophages?

A

Inhibition of phage-lysosome fusion

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22
Q

Involves a cell-mediated response that will result in a granuloma surrounded by lung tissue & inflammatory leukocytes & contains a central area of necrosis where then nuclei have been destroyed

A

CMI to mycobacterium tuberculosis

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23
Q

A ______ is surrounded by punctuate nuclei of lung tissue & inflammatory leukocytes

A

TB granuloma

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24
Q

What is at the center of a TB granuloma?

A

Central area of necrosis where nuclei have been destroyed

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25
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a “_____” pathogen

Explain:

A

Life-long; once infected you may be asymptomatic but never cured

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26
Q

What is the transmission of mycobacterium tuberculosis?

A

Aerosol

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27
Q

Effective ____ is capable of localizing & stopping infection by M. Tuberculosis

A

Cell-mediated immune response

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28
Q

What is an exception to the idea that an effective cell-mediated response is capable of localizing & stopping infection of M. Tuberculosis?

A

Young children under 5 years have a high risk for developing progress TB due to insufficient immune system development/activation

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29
Q

The outcomes of untreated primary TB (for non-immune compromised patients)

_____ show no disease (body keeps in under control)

_____ show clinical TB

_____ show progressive systemic disease & death

A

91%
6%
3%

30
Q

Secondary tuberculosis is also known as:

A
  1. Acute/open
  2. Galloping consumption
31
Q

Secondary tuberculosis is caused by:

A

Endogenous reactivation of prior infection

32
Q

While ______ secondary tuberculosis is _____ and _____ is mandatory

A

Rare; VERY contagious; isolation

33
Q

Endogenous reactivation of prior TB infection is stimulated by:

A
  1. Stress
  2. Malnutrition
  3. HIV
34
Q

Describe what M. Tuberculosis disease arises from:

A

Tissue destruction by our immune defenses & not by damage caused by the bacterial infection

35
Q

In M. Tuberculosis, the repeated attempts to remove foci of infection by lung macrophages causes ____ that impairs lung function

A

Granulomatous lung tissue

36
Q

Breathing impairment in TB is not due to Tuberculosis bacilli but by the:

A

Macrophage-induced tissue destruction

37
Q

A positive tuberculin test to subdermal PPD (processed protein derivative) of the cell wall of the opportunistic intracellular pathogen micro tuberculosis

A

Mantoux reaction

38
Q

The Mantoux reaction results form a positive _____ test to _____

A

Tuberculin; subdermal PPD

39
Q

What determines whether you have positive or negative TB test?

A

Depends on strength of reaction

40
Q

Positive TB test=

Strongly positive TB test=

A

> 10 mm redness
20 mm redness

41
Q

Discuss the possibility of a vaccination to M. tuberculosis

A

Possibility of vaccination with a related mycobacterial species M. Bovus

42
Q

What species does the M. Tuberculosis vaccine originate from?

A

M. bovus

43
Q

Discuss the type of vaccine created for TB:

A

An attenuated vaccine, meaning it is a live bacterium that is “attenuated” meaning it is NOT capable of infection

44
Q

Name of the TB vaccine:

A

Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)

45
Q

BCG is the vaccine that protects against:

A

M. Tuberculosis

46
Q

The BCG vaccination against M. Tuberculosis has _____ in humans but is ______ in________ persons

A

Little virulence; is infectious; immune-compromised

47
Q

In what situations night the BCG vaccine for M. Tuberculosis offer some protective immunity?

A

When given to young children

48
Q

Why is the BCG vaccine discouraged in the US?

A

Gives positive tuberculin test; thus removing an important diagnostic screening tool

49
Q

M. Leprosy is really dependent in terms of course of disease on:

A

The genetic makeup of the individual that has been exposed

50
Q

Describe what occurs when a healthy individual with a healthy immune system encounters M. Leprosy:

A

Cell-mediated (CMI) response conquers disease

51
Q

Describe what occurs when an individual with a strong TH2-reponse encounters M. Leprosy:

A

Macropaghes kill nerves; macules & plaques without sensation (good for prognosis for recovery & NOT infectious)

52
Q

In cases where you have a loss of CMI & TH2-response when encounter with M. Leprosy occurs what will happen?

A

CTL lysis & loss of tissues including nerves

53
Q

Main symptoms of this disease is tissue destruction:

A

M. Leprosy

54
Q

What is the more severe in terms of tissue loss between Tuberculoid Leprosy & Lepromatous Leprosy?

A

Lepramatous leprosy

55
Q

Between Tuberculoid Leprosy & Lepromatous leprosy which is ore widespread with a higher bacterial growth?

A

Lepramatous Leprosy

56
Q

Discuss the treatment option for Leprosy:

A

Multidrug therapy: Dapsone + Rifampin + Clofazamine

57
Q

What is becoming a problem with Leprosy treatment?

A

Rising drug resistance

58
Q

Discuss the virulence factors of M. Tuberculosis:

A

Ability to survive & live in lung macrophages

59
Q

Discuss the clinical features of M. Tuberculosis:

A

Pulmonary (& extrapulmonary) tuberculosis

60
Q

Discuss the treatment for M. Tuberculosis:

A

Multi-drug therapy; takes 6-12 months to be effective

61
Q

Discuss the epidemiology of M. Tuberculosis:

A

Aerosol (person-to-person), all ages but high risk if immune compromised

62
Q

Discuss the virulence factors of M. Leprae:

A

Ability to survive & live within macrophages

63
Q

Discuss the clinical features of M. Leprae:

A

Tuberculoid-to-Lepramatous leprosy

64
Q

Discusss the treatment for M. Leprae:

A

Multidrug therapy; takes 2+ for full effectiveness

65
Q

Discuss the epidemiology of M. Leprae:

A

Close physical contact

66
Q

ALL pathogenic mycobacterial species have:

A

Very slow growth rates

67
Q

What is the gram stain for Nocardia:

A

Gram + but poor staining

68
Q

Nocardia belong to the classification of:

A

Partially acid-fast

69
Q

What makes nocardia “partially acid-fast”?

A

Prensence of mycolic acid in cell wall

70
Q

The acid-fast test is used to distinguish Nocardia from:

A

Fungal look-alikes

71
Q

Discuss the virulence factors of Nocardia:

A

Opportunistic pathogen (in immuno-compromised)

Microbiology (22 decks)

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