Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Herpes Viruses (EXAM IV) > Flashcards

Herpes Viruses (EXAM IV) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the genome & structure of human herpes viruses:

A
  • Double-stranded DNA genome
  • enveloped
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How big is the genome of human herpes viruses?

A

125,000-236,000 basepairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Herpesviridae family members share four significant biological properties including:

A
  1. Encode a large array of enzymes
  2. Synthesis of viral DNAs & capsid assembly occur in nucleus, while final processes sing of virions occurs in the cytoplasm
  3. Production of virus results in destruction of infected cell
  4. Able exist in latent state in natural hosts while capacity to replicate & reactivate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Herpesviridae family members encode a large array of enzymes involved in:

A
  1. nucleic acid metabolism (thymidine kinase)
  2. DNA synthesis (DNA polymerase)
  3. Protein processing (protein kinases)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The nucleic acid metabolism enzymes produced by herpesviridae family members include:

A

Thymidine kinase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Human herpes viruses can broadly be categorized as:

A
  1. Alpha herpesviruses
  2. Beta herpesviruses
  3. Gamma herpesviruses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Alpha herpesviruses include:

A
  • HSV-1 (HHV-1)
  • HSV-2 (HHV-2)
  • VZV (HHV-3)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Herpes virus responsible for fever blisters:

A

HSV-1 (alpha)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Herpes virus responsible for sexually transmitted genital lesions:

A

HSV-2 (alpha)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Herpes virus responsible for chicken pox & shingles:

A

VSV (alpha)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Herpes virus responsible for roseola:

A

HHV-6 & HHV-7 (beta)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List the beta herpesviruses:

A
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
  • HHV-6
  • HHV-7
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the gamma herpesviruses:

A
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (HHV-4)
  • Kaposi’s sarcoma (HHV-8)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Herpes virus responsible for infectious mononucleosis:

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) (HHV-4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Herpes virus responsible for infectious mono

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Transmission of HSV-1 & HSV-2 occur through:

A

Direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Transmission of VSV occurs through:

A

Inhalation & direct contact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Transmission CMV & EBV occur through:

A

Saliva & blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The portal of entry for HSV-1 & HSV-2 is:

A

Mucous membranes & skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Th portal of entry for VZV is:

A

Respiratory tract & mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The portal of entry for CMV & EBV is:

A

Bloodstream & mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Herpes viruses are fragile, susceptible to heat, detergent & drying due to:

A

Envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

To become infected with a herpes virus, it generally requires:

A

Direct inoculation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

_____ is more susceptible to herpesvirus infection than ____

A

Mucous membranes; skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

CMV & EBV can be transmitted through:

A

Infected leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

VZV is mostly transmitted through:

A

Aerosols

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Similarly to the adenovirus, gene expression of herpes viruses occurs through:

A

A cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What happens upon release of herpes viruses?

A

Attach to and infect adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What results in a local spread of herpes virus?

A

Budding directly onto & into adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Budding onto & into adherent cells results in the local spread of herpes virus, as well as:

A

Syncytia formation (characteristic of herpes virus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Herpes viruses replicates & assemble in the:

A

Cell nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Because the herpes virus replicates & assembles in the nucleus this causes some very severe changes in nuclear structure including:

A
  1. Chromatin shifted to margins of nucleus
  2. Cowry type A acidophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Under a microscope, stained cells infected with herpes virus show _______ formation

A

Syncytia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The multinucleate cells seen when viewing stained herpes virus under microscope:

A

Tzanck cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Scraping from the base of a herpes lesion=

A

Tzanck smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In addition to the Tzanck cells seen under a microscope, what else can be seen?

A

Intranuclear inclusion bodies (darkly staining nuclear region)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Anti-herpesvirus antibodies play a ______ in recovery form primary disease & on recurrent disease

But anti-herpesvirus antibodies can help prevent ______

A

minor role; primary disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What plays the major role in recovery in response to alpha herpes virus infections?

A

Cell-mediated immune mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

In the immune response to an alpha herpes infection, MHC class I & II proteins displaying viral antigens on surface of infected cell activate:

A

T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The T lymphocytes activated by MHC class I & II proteins displaying viral antigen on surface of infected cell ultimately function to:

A
  1. Directly kill the infected cell
  2. Secrete cytokines & chemokine to attract macrophages
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

The cell-mediated response to alpha-herpes virus infection varies:

A

With age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Who is at most risk for problems associated with HSV infections?

Who is at most risk for problems associated with VZV infections?

A

Neonates (HSVs)
Elderly (VZVs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

HSV-1, HSV-2 & VSZ evade the host immune response through:

A

Envelope glycoproteins bind Fc domain of antibodies & complement components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

HSV-1, HSV-2 & VSZ evade the host immune response through envelope glycoproteins bind Fc domain of antibodies & complement components:

A

Blocking their ability to promote an antiviral response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

In order to evade the immune response, HSV proteins reduce _____ production & its downstream signaling pathway

A

Type I interferon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

In order to evade the immune response, HSV can prevent ______ from being expressed on the surface of infected cells

A

MHC class I & II proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Results no expression of viral & therefore no peptides for MHC proteins to display:

A

Latency of Herpesviruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Facial or genital herpes, stomatitis, or keratitis localized can all be described as:

A

Acute disease of herpes simplex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How does the herpes virus gain entry into host?

A

Exposure of skin, mucosa or cornea to secretions containing virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What happens once herpes virus gains entry into host?

A

Replication of virus in epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

The replication of herpes virus in epithelial cells causes:

A

Vescular mucocutaneous lesions, stomatitis, or keratitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What occurs after the replication of herpes virus in epithelial cells causing lesions?

A

Spread to peripheral sensory or autonomic nerve endings & ganglia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

-Herpes virus that is acquired very early in life
-2/3 of adults are Ab+

A

HSV-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

-Herpes virus that is mostly transmitted by genital contact
-uncommon before adolescence
-1/5 of adults are Ab+

A

HSV-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Most HSV-1 and HSV-2 infections are:

A

Asymptomatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Around _____ HSV infections have recognizable symptoms

A

1/3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Following the acute disease of herpes virus, what is the next phase:

A

Recovery

58
Q

Describe the recovery phase of herpes virus:

A

Healing of lesions & establishment of latent infections in neurons

59
Q

Following the recovery phase of herpes virus, what is the next phase:

A

Latency

60
Q

Describe the latency phase of herpes virus:

A

Maintenance of latent infections in neurons

61
Q

The usual course of herpes simplex virus infection and disease includes:

A
  1. acute disease
  2. recovery
  3. latency
  4. recurrent disease
62
Q

Reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus and distal spread:

A

Recurrent disease

63
Q

Recurrent phase of herpes disease can be characterized by:

A

Cold sores, fever blisters, keratitis or genital lesions localized

64
Q

Recurrent herpes lesions are caused by:

A

Virus replication in epithelial cells

65
Q

Reactivation of various herpesviruses can be induced by:

A
  1. local trauma
  2. mental tension (stress)
  3. fatigue
  4. menstruation
  5. exposure to bright light
  6. aging effects
66
Q

Infections associated with herpes simplex viruses include:

A
  1. Ocular herpes
  2. Oral herpes
  3. Genital herpes
67
Q

Describe the predominant virus type, frequency, age group, usual outcome and recurrence for ocular herpes:

A

HSV-1
Common
All
Resolution, visual impairment
Yes

68
Q

Describe the predominant virus type, frequency, age group, usual outcome and recurrence for oral herpes:

A

HSV-1 (sometimes HSV-2)
Very common
All
Resolution
Yes

69
Q

Describe the predominant virus type, frequency, age group, usual outcome and recurrence for genital herpes:

A

HSV-2 (sometimes HSV-1)
Common
Adolescence & adults
Resolution
Yes

70
Q

Condition caused by herpes simplex virus that can lead to scarring/blindness:

A

Herpes keratitis- eye

71
Q

Most common viral infection of the mouth:

A

Herpetic stomatitis

72
Q

Herpetic stomatitis is caused by:

A

Primary infection by HSV-1 or HSV-2

73
Q

Herpetic stomatitis is characterized by:

A

Vesicles on orla mucosa, tongue or gingivae

74
Q

Herpetic stomatitis can often be confused with:

A

Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (ANUG) when gingivae is inflamed

75
Q

Herpes labials (cold sore) is a result of:

A

Reactivation of latent HSV-1 or HSV-2

76
Q

Herpetic dermatitis & herpetic whitlow is HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection that appears on the:

A

Skin & fingers

77
Q

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) (HHV-3) is the causative agent of:

A

Chicken pox & shingles

78
Q

Transmission of VZV:

A

Aerosol (inhalation) & direct contact

79
Q

____% of adults have VZV antibody (from time before vaccination)

A

90%

80
Q

Local VZV replication occurs in the:

A

Respiratory tract

81
Q

For VZV infections, local replication occurs in the respiratory tract and the virus then progresses to:

A

Phagocytic cells via the bloodstream & lymphatic system

82
Q

Following VZV progressing to phagocytic cells via the bloodstream & lymphatic system, _____ occurs, spreading the virus throughout the body

A

Secondary viremia

83
Q

Secondary viremia follow VZV infection spreads the virus throughout the body, including the:

A

Skin

84
Q

When does secondary viremia following VZV infections occur?

A

11-13 days post-infection

85
Q

Where do the skin lesions appear from secondary viremia during VZV infection?

A

Entire body

86
Q

Compare the spread of VZV to HSV:

A

Systemic spread for VZV (unlike herpes simplex virus)

87
Q

Similarly to HSV, once the VZV is replicating in cells it will spread:

A

Cell-to-cell

88
Q

VZV will spread from cell-to-cell except for:

A

Epithelial cells of lung keratinocytes & skin lesions, which can release virus

89
Q

VZV replication is similar to HSVs but:

A

Slower

90
Q

The smallest genome of HHVs is:

A

VZV (around 125,000 bp)

91
Q

Where does the latent infection of VZV establish itself?

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Dorsal root ganglia
  3. Cranial nerve ganglia
92
Q

VZV is often reactivate in older adults, why?

A

Impaired cell-mediated immunity

93
Q

When VZV is reactivated in older adults the virus is release along:

A

entire neural pathway to infect the skin

94
Q

Because VZV reactivation in older adults releases the virus along the entire neural pathway, this clinically presents at:

A

Vesicular rash along the entire dermatome

95
Q

VZV reactivation produces a vesicular rash along the entire dermatome=

A

Herpes zoster or shingles

96
Q

Postherpetic neuralgia occurs in 30% of older patients and causes:

A

Pain for month to years after zoster

97
Q

Why is the entire dermatome affected by VZV reactivation?

A

Because the dermatome is an area of skin innervate by fibers from a single dorsal root spinal nerve

98
Q

What promotes recovery from primary VZV disease?

A

Host defenses

99
Q

Anti-VZV antibodies play a ____ role in recovery from primary disease & on recurrent disease, however anti-VZV antibodies can help:

A

minor role; precent primary disease

100
Q

Is there a VZV vaccine?

A

Yes & its effective

101
Q

Anti-VZV antibodies limit:

A

Viremic spread of virus

102
Q

What play the major role in recovery of VZV as they do for HSVs?

A

Cell-mediated immune mechanisms

103
Q

Childhood infection of VZV=

A

Chicken pox

104
Q

Primary infection of VZV for adults is ___ and can cause _____ in 30% of adults and may be fatal

A

more severe; interstitial pneumonia

105
Q

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV; HHV-4) infects:

A

B lymphocytes & epithelial cells

106
Q

EBV has a tropism for:

A

B lymphocytes & epithelial cells

107
Q

Cytomegalovirus (CMV; HHV-5) infects:

A

A wide variety of cells

108
Q

EBV & CMV replication within host cells is very similar to the replication of:

A

HSV

109
Q

Establishment of CMV results in:

A

Persistent/chronic infection (not a true latent infection)

110
Q

Establishment of EBV results in:

A

Latent infection

111
Q

The establishment of a latent infection in EBB occurs in:

A

Memory B cells

112
Q

The EBV viral proteins produced during latency promote:

A

B cell proliferation

113
Q

CMV and EBV infection are very:

A

Common

114
Q

What percent of adults in the developing world are infected with CMV or EBV?

What percent of adults in the United States are infected with CMV or EBV?

A

95%
50-60%

115
Q

When EBV & CMV are acquired early:

A

Usually asymptomatic

116
Q

EBV and CMV are acquired similarly, what is the difference?

A

Breast milk is NOT an important route of virus spread with EBV

117
Q

When EBV is acquired after childhood it results in:

A

Infectious mononucleosis (symptomatic)

118
Q

Most common viral infection of the fetus in humans:

A

Congenital CMV

119
Q

Congenital CMV leads to ____ & _____ including ____ & ____

A

Severe disease; permanent neurological damage; hearing loss; learning disabilities

120
Q

Persistent CMV & EBV infections are associated with:

A

Chronic inflammatory diseases & cancer

121
Q

Persistent EBV is particularly associated with:

A
  1. Hodgkins disease
  2. African Burkitt lymphoma
  3. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
122
Q

CMV has very characteristic cellular changes including:

A

Large inclusions in tissue specimens (owl eye inclusions)

123
Q

What test is used to determine EBV infection?

A

Heterophile antibody or “monospot” test
(PCR test)

124
Q

EBV infection induces production of large numbers of antibodies that recognize ____ of other species called _____

A

RBC antigens; heterophiles antibodies

125
Q

Agglutination of horse RBCs by heterophiles antibody in patient’s serum:

A

Monospot test

126
Q

The syndromes associated with cytomegalovirus include:

A

Congenital infection & Mononucleosis

127
Q

The syndrome associated with Epstein-Barr virus include:

A

Mononucleosis

128
Q

The syndrome associated with Herpesvirus type 6 include:

A

Roseola

129
Q

The syndrome associated with Herpesvirus type 7 include:

A

Roseola

130
Q

The syndrome associated with Kaposi’s sarcoma associated virus (HHV-8) include:

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma

131
Q

The oral manifestation of ______ includes lesions that may be found in mouth before skin rash develops:

A

Chickenpox (VZV)

132
Q

VZV reactivation is associated with:

A

Shingles

133
Q

What is affected in 15% of shingles cases?

A

Trigeminal nerve

134
Q

What types of lesions are often involved in shingles (list them in order of occurrence)

A

Ophthalmic > maxillary > mandibular divisions

135
Q

With _____ oral pain often precedes rash & mimics toothache pain

A

Shingles

136
Q

The most common intraoral sites affected by shingles include:

A
  1. anterior half of tongue
  2. soft palate
  3. cheek
137
Q

The cause of infectious mononucleosis:

A

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)

138
Q

-Painful sore throat at onset of infection
-Rash may be present at junction of hard & soft palates (fine petechial hemorrhages)
-White pseudomembrane may develop on tonsils and other parts of oral mucosa

A

Infectious mononucleosis (EBV)

139
Q

Describe the oral manifestations of Kaposi’s sarcoma associated virus:

A

Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions (endothelial tumor)

140
Q

What viruses are present in majority of advanced periodontal lesions:

A

EBV & CMV

141
Q

Possible roles for herpesviruses in periodontal disease:

  1. Viruses may cause DIRECT _____
  2. Gingival viruses may promote ______
  3. CMV & EBV can infect ______, ______, & ______ in lesions & impair cell function
  4. Viruses can induce a pro-inflammatory response that can result in _____
  5. Viruses can suppress host defenses _____ & _____
A
  1. cytopathic effects
  2. attachment/colonization
  3. monocytes, macrophages, & lymphocytes
  4. tissue destruction
  5. locally & systemically

Microbiology (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions