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Microbiology > Fungi A (EXAM IV) > Flashcards

Fungi A (EXAM IV) Flashcards

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1
Q

List three main characteristics of Fungi:

A
  1. Eukaryotes
  2. Spore-forming
  3. No chlorophyll
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2
Q

List the oxygen requirements of most fungi:

A

Most are aerobic, some facultative & strict anaerobes

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3
Q

The cell wall of fungi usually contains:

A

Chitin

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4
Q

Polysaccharide containing N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG):

A

Chitin

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5
Q

What are the two growth forms of fungi?

A
  1. Filamentous (molds)
  2. Unicellular (yeasts)
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6
Q

Filamentous fungi such as molds, have threadlike filaments called:

A

Hyphae

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7
Q

Mass of hyphae:

A

Mycelium

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8
Q

What are the two categories of hyphae found in filamentous fungi?

A

Septate vs. Coenocytic

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9
Q

Septate vs. Coenocytic hyphae describe:

A

The crosswalls

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10
Q

Filamentous fungi grow by:

A

Extension of tip & branching

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11
Q

Describe the cells of unicellular fungi such as yeasts:

A

Single, ovoid or spherical cells

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12
Q

How do unicellular fungi (yeasts) reproduce?

A

Asexually by cell division (budding) or sexually by cell fusion & spore formation

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13
Q

Asexual reproduction of fungi can be by:

A

Cell division (budding or transverse division) or spore formation

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14
Q

Some yeast-forms of fungi perform asexual cell division by _____, others by ____

A

Budding; transverse division (fission)

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15
Q

Sexual reproduction of fungi involves production of:

A

Sexual spores

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16
Q

Sexual reproduction of fungi involves production of sexual spores by:

A

Meiosis of a diploid cell

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17
Q

Form producing asexual spores, often mold-like growth form:

A

Anamorph

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18
Q

Form producing sexual spores, typically a fruiting body:

A

Teleomorph

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19
Q

Ability to grow as yeast form or mold form:

A

Dimorphism

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20
Q

Many pathogenic fungi are:

A

Dimorphic

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21
Q

Although may pathogenic fungi are dimorphic, _____ form is more typically at human body temp

What is an exception to this? Why?

A

Yeast; candida; both forms of candida exist inside & outside the body

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22
Q

Both forms of _____ exist inside & outside the body:

A

Candida

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23
Q

Candida forms ____ & ____

A

Pseudohyphae & Pseudomycelia

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24
Q

Hyphal growth is a modified budding where newly budded cells remain attached to mother cell:

A

Pseudohyphae

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25
Q

Some pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus & Cryptococcus neoformans are not:

A

Dimorphic

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26
Q

A pathogenic fungi that is not dimorphic as it exists as mold form only:

A

Asperfillus

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27
Q

A pathogenic fungi that is not dimorphic as it exists as yeast form only:

A

Cryptococcus neoformans

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28
Q

Diseases caused by fungus or mold:

A

Mycoses

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29
Q

Fungal infections are classified by affected area of body such as:

A
  1. Superficial
  2. Cutaneous
  3. Subcutaneous
  4. Systemic
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30
Q

The primary mechanisms of the human body to fight fungi:

A
  1. Neutrophil phagocytosis/killing
  2. T-cell mediated immunity
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31
Q

Fungal infections of keratinized outer layers of skin, hair & nails:

A

Superficial mycoses

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32
Q

Superficial mycoses are typically ____ with _____

A

Mild infections with minimal inflammatory response

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33
Q

Describe the treatment of superficial mycosis:

A

Easy to treat or clears without treatment

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34
Q

Fungal infections of the hair shaft:

A

Piedras

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35
Q

Give an example of a piedra:

A

Trichosporon beigelii

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36
Q

Trichosporon beigelii may also be referred to as:

A

White piedra

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37
Q

Fungal infections involving outer layers of skin, hair & nails:

A

Tineas

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38
Q

Give examples of a tinea infection:

A

Malassezia furfur

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39
Q

Malassezia furur may also be referred to as:

A

Pityriasis versicolor

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40
Q

Most tineas & piedras occur in the:

A

Tropics

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41
Q

What are the most common superficial mycosis?

A

-Pityriasis versicolor
-White piedra

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42
Q

What type of disease is Pityriasis Versicolor?

A

Tinea

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43
Q

Where is Pityriasis Versicolor found?

A

World-wide

44
Q

Describe Pityriasis Versicolor:

A

Pigmented macules- not elevated but altered color

45
Q

Where is M. Furur (Pityriasis Versicolor) not found?

A

Environment

46
Q

Discuss the transmission of Pityriasis Versicolor (M. Furfur)?

A

Human-to-human

47
Q

Fungal infection of the keratinized outer layers of skin, hair & nails eliciting a more prominent host response:

A

Cutaneous mycoses

48
Q

For cutaneous mycoses skin infections, describe the layers that are invaded:

A

No invasion beyond stratum corneum (outermost layer of epidermis)

49
Q

What are the similarities between superficial mycoses & cutaneous mycoses? What are the differences?

A

Similarities: they both affect the keratinized outer layers of skin, hair & nails

Differences: Cutaneous mycoses elicit a more apparent immune response

50
Q

List some common dermaphytes that may cause cutaneous mycoses:

A
  1. Microsporum
  2. Trichophyton
  3. Epidermophyton
  4. Keratinophilic & keratinolytic
51
Q

Dermaphytes may cause:

A

Tineas (ringworm)

52
Q

Tinea pedis is responsible for:

A

Athletes foot

53
Q

Tinea cruris is responsible for:

A

Jocks itch

54
Q

Ringworm is characterized by:

A

Ring of inflammatory scaling

55
Q

What is the transmission of ringworm/tinea?

A

Person-to-person

56
Q

Some dermaphytes are _______ others are _____

A

soil organisms; zoonoses

57
Q

Dermaphytes are diagnosed by:

A

Microscopy of samples

58
Q

Fungal infections of the dermis & subcutaneous tissue:

A

Subcutaneous mycoses

59
Q

Subcutaneous mycoses do not response well to:

A

Antifungal chemotherapy

60
Q

What is the proper treatment for subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Need to excise

61
Q

Sporotrichosis is caused by the organism:

A

Sporothrix schenkii

62
Q

Sporothrix shcenkii (causitive agent of sporotrichosis) comes from:

A

Thorns & splinters

63
Q

What is the treatment for sporptrichosis & what are the downfalls to this?

A

Oral potassium iodide; downfalls include adverse side effects such as nausea & salivary gland enlargement

64
Q

Fungal infections that invade internal organs:

A

Systemic mycosis

65
Q

Systemic mycosis are caused by:

A

Endemic dimorphic fungal pathogens

66
Q

A fungal organisms living on dead or decaying matter:

A

Saprobe

67
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum is responsible for:

A

Histoplasmosis

68
Q

Blastomyces dermatitis is responsible for:

A

Blastomycosis

69
Q

Coccidioides immitis is responsible for:

A

Coccidiodomycosis

70
Q

The saprobic phase at 25 degrees Celsius involves what form of fungus?

A

Mold or mycelial form

71
Q

The parasitic phase at 37 degrees Celsius of sap robes involves what form of fungus?

A

Yeast form

72
Q

A spherule can be described as:

A

100s of endospores

73
Q

Fungus from bird or bat droppings:

A

Histoplasma capsulatum

74
Q

Histoplasma capsulatum has a high _____ content

A

Nitrogen

75
Q

How is histoplasma capsulatum acquired?

A

Inhalation of conidia

76
Q

With histoplasma capsulatum the organisms remains:

A

Viable within macrophages

77
Q

How does histoplasma capsulatum remain viable within macrophages?

A

Modulate pH of phagolysosome

78
Q

Describe the role of antibodies in histoplasma capsulatum:

A

Antibodies play no role in resolution

79
Q

What is important for the immunity against histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Cell-mediated immune system of CD4 T lymphocytes & activated macrophages

80
Q

Describe primary infections with histoplasma capsulatum:

A

Primary infections are most often asymptomatic

81
Q

What may develop in cases of histoplasma capsulatum?

A

Granulomas

82
Q

Describe the granulomas that may develop in a histoplasma capsulatum infection:

A

Granulomas develop in the lung with caseous necrosis (plus calcification)

83
Q

Can reactivation occur with histoplasma capsulatun infections?

A

Yes- years later

84
Q

What is the treatment for fungal infections of histoplasma capsulatum:

A

3-12 months of anti-fungal agen

85
Q

Fungal species found in decaying matter (such as leave litter):

A

Blastomyces dermatiditis

86
Q

How might one acquire blastomyces dermatiditis?

A

Acquire by inhalation of conidia

87
Q

What are important for the immunity against blastomyces dermatiditis?

A

Cell-mediated immune system of CD4 T-cells, lymphocytes & activated macrophages

88
Q

What percent of primary infections are accompanied by symptoms with fungal infection of blastomyces dermatiditis:

A

Less than 50%

89
Q

What may develop in fungal infection of blastomyces dermatiditis:

A

Granulomas (plus calcification)

90
Q

Can reactivation occur with blastomyces dermatiditis fungal infection?

A

Yes- years later

91
Q

What is the hallmark for disease caused by blastomyces dermatiditis?

A

Cutaneous lesions (heaped up orders & small central microabscesses)

92
Q

Describe the cutaneous lesions that are the hallmark for blastomyces dermatiditis fungal infection:

A

Heaped up borders & small central microabcscesses

93
Q

Describe the cutaneous lesions that are the hallmark for blastomyces dermatiditis fungal infection:

A

Heaped up borders & small central microabcscesses

94
Q

How is blastomyces dermatiditis fungal infection diagnosed?

A

Histopathological examination (looking for thick-walled yeasts with single broad-based bud)

95
Q

What is the treamtment for fungal infection with blastomyces dermatiditis:

A

3-12 months of antifungal agent

96
Q

What region of the US can coccidioides immitis be found?

A

Southwestern USA (lower sonaran life zone)

97
Q

Coccidioides immitis is characterized by:

A

Huge blooms

98
Q

What is the primary target for coccidioides immitis?

A

Lung

99
Q

The primary target for coccidioides immitis is the lungs, but the fungus spreads:

A

Through the circulatory system & infects many organs

100
Q

Discuss the symptoms caused by fungal infection with coccidioides immitis:

A

Usually no symptoms

101
Q

Why are their typically no symptoms accompanied by infection with coccidioides immitis?

A

Because of cell-mediated immunity

102
Q

If symptoms are present with coccidioides immitis, what might present?

A
  1. Acute pulmonary infections
  2. Arthralgias & skin lesions
  3. Desert rheumatism or valley fever
  4. Disseminated coccidiomycosis
  5. Chronic meningitis (if not treated = fatal)
103
Q

Acute pulmonary infections
Arthralgias & skin lesions
Desert rheumatism or valley fever
Disseminated coccidiomycosis
Chronic meningitis (if not treated = fatal)

These conditions may all clinically present in cases of fungal infection with:

A

coccidioides immitis

104
Q

Desert rheumatism & valley fever are characteristic of:

A

coccidioides immitis fungal infection

105
Q

What is the histopathology of coccidioides immitis?

A

Presence of spherules

106
Q

What is the treatment for coccidioides immitis?

A

Antifungal for 12-24 months

Microbiology (22 decks)

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