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Biology > Year 9 Term 2 > Flashcards

Year 9 Term 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Tissues

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function

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2
Q

Organs

A

Groups of different tissues working together

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3
Q

Organ system

A

Groups of organs that perform a particular function

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4
Q

Organism

A

A whole living thing

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5
Q

Average size of an epithelial cell

A

8-21/um

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6
Q

Average size of villus tissue

A

0.5-1.6mm

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7
Q

Average size of intestine

A

7m

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8
Q

Exchange of material is made easier by…

A

Increased surface area
Increased concentration gradient
A good blood supply and flow

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9
Q

Surface area to volume ratio

A

The smaller the organism, the larger its surface area to volume ratio

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10
Q

Why is mass transport needed?

A

Mammals are relatively large and need a m.t.s to supply the cells with materials
Needed to transport materials between the exchange surfaces and cells
The lower the SATVR the greater need for m.t.s with a pump

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11
Q

Respiratory system produces

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide

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12
Q

Digestive system produces

A

Food waste and faeces

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13
Q

Circulatory system produces

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and urea

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14
Q

Substances transported into and out of organisms

A 
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Dissolved food molecules
Urea
Water
Mineral ions
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15
Q

Description of red blood cell

A

Biconcave disk which gives increases surface area to volume ratio, red

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16
Q

Phagocyte

A

White blood cell has loaded nucleus

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17
Q

Lymphocyte

A

White blood cell has a large nucleus

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18
Q

Blood plasma

A

Straw coloured liquid

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19
Q

RBC

A

Filled with red pigment called haemoglobin which carries oxygen
No nucleus increased surface area

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20
Q

Cells

A

Building blocks to all living things

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21
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

Haemoglobin is a large protein molecule folded around four ion atoms. Is bright scarlet colour which is the colour of the blood in the arteries

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22
Q

How is oxyhemoglobin formed

A

Where there is large concentration of oxygen (e.g the lungs) the haemoglobin reacts with the oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin
Where there is a low concentration of oxygen it splits and oxygen goes to cells. Haemoglobin is purple-red which is the colour of blood in the veins

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23
Q

Function, colour, pressure and valves of artery

A

Carry’s blood away from the heart
Bright red oxygenated blood
High
No

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24
Q

Function, colour, pressure and valves of vein

A

Carries blood back to the heart
Deep-purple red deoxygenated blood
Low
Yes

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25
Q

Function, colour, pressure and valves of capillary

A

Exchange of substances, joins veins and arteries together
Change from bright to dark red
Low
No

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26
Q

Artery

A

Small lumen
Thick walls
Thick layer of muscle and elastic fibres

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27
Q

Vein

A

Relatively thin walls
Large lumen
Often have valves

28
Q

Capillary

A

Tiny vessels with narrow lumen

Walls a single thick

29
Q

What is the function of the valves

A

To prevent the backflow of blood

30
Q

Where does the diffusion of substances take place

A

Capillaries

31
Q

Blood flow through capillaries

A

Blood flows from heart to arteries which branch into capillaries. Capillaries are thin walled so exchange of substances takes place here. Waste products are removed and travel via venules which join to form veins which return the deoxygenated blood to the heart

32
Q

The heart

A

Made of cardiac muscle
Pumps blood around the body
Coronary arteries supply heart with oxygen and glucose for respiration which releases energy for contraction of the heart

33
Q

Order of components of heart during blood flow

A

Vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

34
Q

The double circulatory system

A

Important in warm blooded, active mammals

Very efficient

35
Q

The pacemaker

A

Resting heart rate is controlled by group of cells in the wall of the right atrium that acts as a pacemaker. Artificial pacemakers are electrical devices used to correct irregularities in the heart rate

36
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

The build up of fatty material in coronary arteries

37
Q

Consequences of CHD

A

May be reduced blood flow or no blood flow at all. This means the heart may beat out of rhythm. It may cause a heart attack or a cardiac arrest

38
Q

Treatment for CHD

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft when blood vessels often from leg are sew onto the coronary artery to bypass the blockage. A ballon may also be inserted to open up the blockage

39
Q

Faulty valves

A

Heart valves may become faulty, preventing the valve from opening fully. The person affected will become very breathless and maybe die if it isn’t solved

40
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of biological valves

A

Advantage: no medication
Disadvantage: only lasts around 15 years

41
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of mechanical valves

A

Advantage: the last for a very long time
Disadvantage: take medication for the rest of your life

42
Q

The cardiac cycle

A

Heart beat begins when heart muscles relax and blood flows into the atria which contracts and the valve opens to allow blood into the ventricles which open forcing blood to leave the heart at the same time the atria relax and again fill with blood

43
Q

Advantage and disadvantages of an artificial heart

A

Advantage: keeps patients alive no waiting for donor. Live relatively normal life until transplant
Disadvantage: can form blood clots need drugs to prevent clots. Temporary, noisy and heavy

44
Q

Advantage and disadvantages of a transplant

A

Advantage: permanent solution (lasts a long time) lead normal life
Disadvantage: need anti-rejection meds. Body may eventually reject transplant

45
Q

Statins

A

Statins are used to reduce cholesterol levels which slows down rate of fatty material deposit

46
Q

Rate of diffusion

A

Area of diffusion surface x diffusion in concentration/ thickness of surface over which diffusion takes place

47
Q

2 main features of the lungs

A

Mechanical ventilation

Gas exchange

48
Q

What happens when we inhale

A

The muscles in the ribs contract moving up and out contracting and flattening the diaphragm increasing the volume in the lungs decreasing the pressure. Air rushes in to equalise the pressure

49
Q

What happens when we exhale

A

The muscles in the ribs relax moving up and out relaxing and doming the diaphragm decreasing the volume and increasing the pressure so air is forced out of the lungs

50
Q

Why are the lungs efficient exchange surface

A

They are folded increasing the surface area
The walls of the alveoli are only 1 cell thick
Each alveolus is surrounded by blood capillaries which ensure a good blood supply

51
Q

Oesophagus

A

Long muscular tube squeezes food down to the stomach. Peristalsis

52
Q

Liver

A

Produces bile

53
Q

Gallbladder

A

Stores bile

54
Q

Large intestine

A

Water reabsorbed from undigested foods

55
Q

Small intestine

A

Produces carbohydrase protease and lipase enzymes. Walls have villi and micro villi to increases surface area for absorption of soluble foods

56
Q

Rectum

A

Faeces are stored here

57
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces trypsin (a protease enzyme) carbohydrase and lipase enzymes

58
Q

Stomach

A

Muscular wall churns food. Produces HCL (kills bacteria) and provides optimum conditions for pepsin (a protease enzyme)

59
Q

Salivary glands

A

Secrete the digestive juice amylase (a carbohydrase)

60
Q

Enzyme

A

Biological catalyst

61
Q

Catalyst

A

A substance which changes the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed itself

62
Q

Activation energy

A

The energy needed for a chemical reaction to take place

63
Q

Active site

A

The special site in structures of enzyme where the substrate binds

64
Q

What are enzymes made up of

A

Long chains of amino acids folded to produce a molecule with a specific shape which allows other molecules (substrates) to fit into the enzyme protein

65
Q

Enzymes in the digestive system

A

Carbohydrase found in saliva
Lipase
Protease found in stomach

Biology (16 decks)

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