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Biology > Year 10 The Nervous System > Flashcards

Year 10 The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system

A

Electrical impulses along neurones (nerve cells)

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2
Q

Endocrine system

A

Hormones (chemical messages) via the blood

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3
Q

What are the two parts structurally

A

Central nervous system inc. brain and spinal cord

Peripheral nervous system inc. all other nerves e.g ulna nerve in arm and femoral nerve in leg

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4
Q

What’s a stimulus

A

A change in the environment which causes a response in the body that are five sense organs that can detect stimuli

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5
Q

Ears: receptors for and stimuli

A

Sound/balance in cochlea

Sound and balance

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6
Q

Eyes: receptors for and stimuli

A

Rods and cones in retina

Light

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7
Q

Skin: receptors for and stimuli

A

Temperature pressure and pain

Temperature and pressure

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8
Q

Nose: receptors for and stimuli

A

Olfactory receptors

Chemicals

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9
Q

Tongue: receptors for and stimuli

A

Found on taste buds

Chemicals

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10
Q

What’s a sense organ

A

Made up of a cluster of receptor cells which are sensitive to a specific stimuli

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11
Q

Oder of the nervous system

A

Stimulus —> receptor —> sensory neurone —> CNS —> motor neurone —> effector —> response

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12
Q

Stimulus

A

A change in the environment which causes a response in the body

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13
Q

Receptor

A

Any changes (stimuli) picked up by cells called receptors. Usually found clustered together in sense organs

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14
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Once sensory receptor detects a stimulus the info sent is chemical impulses passes along cells called neurones usually in bundles of thousands called nerves

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15
Q

Central nervous system

A

Impulses travel along neuron until it reaches CNS the cells which carry impulses from sensory organs to CNS Are called sensory neurons

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16
Q

Motor neuron

A

These cells carry impulses to make the right bits of your body. Effector organs respond

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17
Q

Effector

A

Muscles or glands which respond to the arrival of impulses by contracting

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18
Q

Response

A

Muscles respond by contracting and glands respond by secreting chemical substances

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19
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Concerned with consciousness, intelligence, memory and language

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20
Q

Carebellum

A

Concerned with mainly coordinating muscular activity and balance

21
Q

Medulla

A

Concerned with unconscious activities e.g. controlling the heartbeat, movement of the gul and breathing

22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Involved in controlling the body temperature

23
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Produces many different chemicals/hormones which play a big part in coordinating and controlling body systems

24
Q

What are reflexes for

A

Automatic
Rapid
Protect the body from harm or
Control basic bodily functions e.g. breathing, moving food through gut

25
Q

What do reflex actions involve

A

Sensory neurons, synapses, relay neurons and motor neurons

26
Q

At the synapse

A

When impulse from sensory neurone gets to synaptic knob, vesicles containing neurotransmitter mover to nerve cell membrane
Release chemicals to synaptic gap and diffuse to next neurone and attach to receptor sights on neurone
This starts electrical impulses travelling down neurone

27
Q

At the synapse (arrow diagram)

A

Electrical impulse —> chemical messages —>electrical impulse

28
Q

What is the eye

A

Sense organ containing many light and colour sensitive receptors

29
Q

Formation of the retina

A

All light-sensitive cells are arranged at the back of the eye in special layer known as retina

30
Q

Cornea

A

Changes direction of light rays coming into eye

31
Q

Iris

A

Muscle that controls size of pupil- how much light enters the eye

32
Q

Lens

A

Clear disk that fine-tunes focussing of light rays

33
Q

Retina

A

Receives light that’s lens has focussed and converts to impulses to the brain

34
Q

Optics nerve

A

Transfers visual informations from retina to visual centres of brain via electrical impulses

35
Q

Binocular vision

A

Vision using two eyes, range of vision overlaps, can judge distance and see 3D, smaller field of view

36
Q

Monocular vision

A

Vision using 1 eye, range of vision doesn’t overlap, wider field of view as eyes on side of head, unable to judges distance (no 3D)

37
Q

Accommodation for a distant object

A

Relaxed muscle
Taut ligaments
Longer and flatter lens

38
Q

Accommodation for a near object

A

Contracted muscles
Slack ligaments
Shorter and fatter lens

39
Q

Muscles and ligaments in eye and function

A

Ciliary muscles and suspensions ligaments act together to push or pull on lens. Fatter the lens, the more the light is refracted

40
Q

What is short sightedness

A

Myopia

Unable to focus on distant things

41
Q

What is long sightedness

A

Hyperopia

Unable to focus on nearer objects

42
Q

How can myopia be corrected

A

Concave lens refracts light outwards before it hits the cornea then image focuses on retina

43
Q

How can hyperopia be corrected

A

Convex lens refracts light inwards before it hits the cornea then focuses on the retina

44
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of contact lenses

A

Better for sport, more comfortable

Can cause eye infections, have to be sterilised at night

45
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of laser eye surgery

A

Used to treat both myopia and hyperopia many don’t need to wear glasses/ lenses
Only available to adults once eye stops growing

46
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of replacement lenses

A

Corrects visual impairment permanently

Damage to retina, cataracts and infection

47
Q

What is laser eye surgery

A

Changes shape of cornea not lens

48
Q

What are replacement lenses

A

Add contact lenses over, removes lens and replaces with new one

Biology (16 decks)

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