Year 10 Term 1 Flashcards
Should children be vaccinated against infectious diseases pros
Helped to control infectious diseases e.g small pox
Can prevent complications of this disease or death
Epidemics can be prevented
Should children be vaccinated against infectious diseases cons
Vaccinations don’t always work
Some people have bad reactions to vaccinations
What happens when pathogens change their DNA
This happens spontaneously, possibly causing new strains of disease to appear, can spread quickly
How do drugs work
They alter body’s chemistry. They target receptors on particular cells e.g blocking receptors for neurotransmitters at nerve endings preventing impulse travelling
What’s an antibiotic
Kill bacteria that cause disease while inside your body. Damage bacteria without harming own cells.
Each antibiotic affects bacteria in different ways
When and who discovered penicillin
1928 by Alexander Fleming
What is binary fission
Bacteria splitting into 2
Why is antibiotic resistance spreading
Doctors prescribe antibiotics for minor illnesses
People not completing antibiotic corse and saving for future use
Agricultural use of antibiotics should be restricted
What is MRSA
Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus bacteria that developed resistance to any penicillin based antibiotics
Where can MRSA be carried
On skin, nostrils and can cause skin infections such as boils and pimples
What is placebo
Pill or injection without the active ingredient
Developing a new drug
Target disease and developed ideas for treatments
Computer design of molecules screening chemicals 2 or 3 make grade for further tests
In vitro screening tested on cell cultures
Tested on animals see if any side effects
Testing a new drug on animals
Testing continues looking at longer term effect
Testing drug on humans
Phase 1 healthy volunteers
Phase 2 humans with disease
Phase 3 double blind trial, neither patient or doctor knows which patients have the drug
What happens after animal/human testing passed
Granted licence
Once medicine in use phase 4, medicine monitored for as long as patients use it
What are the two first parts of the monoclonal antibody process
Tumour cells that don’t make antibodies but divide
Lymphocytes make specific antibodies but don’t divide
What’s a hybridoma cell
Makes specific antibodies and divide
Monoclonal antibodies and pregnancy test
Rely on MCAs that bind to the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) that’s made in early stages of pregnancy. Tiny amounts of hormones passed out of body in urine
MCAs in pregnancy test bind to hormone if present changes colour to signify result
Monoclonal antibodies and diagnosis of disease
MCAs made to bind to specific antigens found on pathogens, blood clots or cancer cells.
Also carry markers so easy for doctors to see where MCAs have built up detection before it gets too serious
Monoclonal antibodies used in hospitals and labs
Used to monitor and measure levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood e.g screening for HIV infection
3 ways of treating cancer using monoclonal antibodies
Direct use of MCAs to trigger immune system to recognise, attack and destroy cancer cells
Use MCAs to block receptors on surface of cancer cells stop cells growing and dividing
Used to carry toxic drugs for radiation therapy to attack cancer cells directly without harming other cells in body
Pros of MCAs
Bind to specific target or dissolved cell e.g cancer cells
Healthy cells not affected
Treat wide range of conditions
Using fractions of antibodies reduced problems with immune response
Cons of MCAs
More side effects than expected
Very expensive
Mouse antibodies caused immune response in humans
Combining drug to correct MCA proved difficult
Nitrogen
Use in plant
Deficiency signs
Protein synthesis and growth
Stunted growth, yellow leaves
Phosphorus
Use in plant
Deficiency signs
Making roots
Poor roots and purple leaves
Potassium
Use in plant
Deficiency signs
Making flowers and plants
Yellow leaves with dead spots
Magnesium
Use in plant
Deficiency signs
Making chlorophyll
Leaves turn yellow at the bottom
How to identify the disease a plant has
Reference gardening manual or website
Take infected plant to lab to identify pathogen
Use testing kit that contains MCAs
Plant mineral deficiency
Plants don’t grow properly if deprived of minerals and begin to look unhealthy said to have mineral deficiency
Plant defence responses
Plants have evolved both physical and chemical defences against pathogenic micro organisms
Mechanical adaptations of plants
Thorns and hair deter animals (e.g cacti)
Leaves which drop or curl when touches causing animals to fall off
Mimicry to trick animals leaving mimic eggs to prevent butterflies from laying their eggs there
Chemical plant defence response
Antibacterial chemicals (mint, witch hazel etc) Poison to deter herbivores (fox gloves etc) animals quickly learn to avoid eating plants that make them feel unwell
Physical defence responses to resist invasion of micro organisms
Cellulose cell walls
Strengthen plant cells and helps resist invasion by micro organisms. Reason why aphids piercing cellulose cell walls are so damaging breeches barrier and gives pathogens a way into cells
Physical defence responses to resist invasion of micro organisms
Tough way cuticle
On surface of leaves prevents entry of pathogens acting as a barrier. Stomata is only place that pathogens have access to cells within the leaf
Physical defence responses to resist invasion of micro organisms
Bark on leaves
As well as layer of dead cells on outside of cells form protective layer makes it hard for pathogens to penetrate. When dead cells shed or are lost the pathogens fall off with them
Physical defence responses to resist invasion of micro organisms
Leaves falling off deciduous trees
In autumn time any pathogens that’ve infected leaf, such as rose black spot, fall off tree when leaves are lost
Communicable diseases
Lower respiratory infections
Trachea bronchitis lung infections
HIV/AIDS
Diarrhoeal diseases
Non-communicable diseases
Coronary heart disease Stroke COPD Diabetus mellitus Road injury Hyper intensive
Risk factors for disease
Aspects of lifestyle such as smoking, lack of exercise or overeating
Substances present in environment or in body such as ionising radiation, UV light from sun, or second hand tobacco smoke
Epidemiology
Study of evidence (number of cases) and pattern of a disease with a view to finding the means of preventing and controlling it
What’s a correlation
Occurs when change in one of two variables is reflected by change in other variable
Often no experimental evidence to prove that one causes the other no causal relationship
