Year 10 Term 1

Question 1

Should children be vaccinated against infectious diseases pros

Answer 1

Helped to control infectious diseases e.g small pox
Can prevent complications of this disease or death
Epidemics can be prevented

Question 2

Should children be vaccinated against infectious diseases cons

Answer 2

Vaccinations don’t always work

Some people have bad reactions to vaccinations

Question 3

What happens when pathogens change their DNA

Answer 3

This happens spontaneously, possibly causing new strains of disease to appear, can spread quickly

Question 4

How do drugs work

Answer 4

They alter body’s chemistry. They target receptors on particular cells e.g blocking receptors for neurotransmitters at nerve endings preventing impulse travelling

Question 5

What’s an antibiotic

Answer 5

Kill bacteria that cause disease while inside your body. Damage bacteria without harming own cells.
Each antibiotic affects bacteria in different ways

Question 6

When and who discovered penicillin

Answer 6

1928 by Alexander Fleming

Question 7

What is binary fission

Answer 7

Bacteria splitting into 2

Question 8

Why is antibiotic resistance spreading

Answer 8

Doctors prescribe antibiotics for minor illnesses
People not completing antibiotic corse and saving for future use
Agricultural use of antibiotics should be restricted

Question 9

What is MRSA

Answer 9

Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus bacteria that developed resistance to any penicillin based antibiotics

Question 10

Where can MRSA be carried

Answer 10

On skin, nostrils and can cause skin infections such as boils and pimples

Question 11

What is placebo

Answer 11

Pill or injection without the active ingredient

Question 12

Developing a new drug

Answer 12

Target disease and developed ideas for treatments
Computer design of molecules screening chemicals 2 or 3 make grade for further tests
In vitro screening tested on cell cultures
Tested on animals see if any side effects

Question 13

Testing a new drug on animals

Answer 13

Testing continues looking at longer term effect

Question 14

Testing drug on humans

Answer 14

Phase 1 healthy volunteers
Phase 2 humans with disease
Phase 3 double blind trial, neither patient or doctor knows which patients have the drug

Question 15

What happens after animal/human testing passed

Answer 15

Granted licence

Once medicine in use phase 4, medicine monitored for as long as patients use it

Question 16

What are the two first parts of the monoclonal antibody process

Answer 16

Tumour cells that don’t make antibodies but divide

Lymphocytes make specific antibodies but don’t divide

Question 17

What’s a hybridoma cell

Answer 17

Makes specific antibodies and divide

Question 18

Monoclonal antibodies and pregnancy test

Answer 18

Rely on MCAs that bind to the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) that’s made in early stages of pregnancy. Tiny amounts of hormones passed out of body in urine
MCAs in pregnancy test bind to hormone if present changes colour to signify result

Question 19

Monoclonal antibodies and diagnosis of disease

Answer 19

MCAs made to bind to specific antigens found on pathogens, blood clots or cancer cells.
Also carry markers so easy for doctors to see where MCAs have built up detection before it gets too serious

Question 20

Monoclonal antibodies used in hospitals and labs

Answer 20

Used to monitor and measure levels of hormones and other chemicals in blood e.g screening for HIV infection

Question 21

3 ways of treating cancer using monoclonal antibodies

Answer 21

Direct use of MCAs to trigger immune system to recognise, attack and destroy cancer cells
Use MCAs to block receptors on surface of cancer cells stop cells growing and dividing
Used to carry toxic drugs for radiation therapy to attack cancer cells directly without harming other cells in body

Question 22

Pros of MCAs

Answer 22

Bind to specific target or dissolved cell e.g cancer cells
Healthy cells not affected
Treat wide range of conditions
Using fractions of antibodies reduced problems with immune response

Question 23

Cons of MCAs

Answer 23

More side effects than expected
Very expensive
Mouse antibodies caused immune response in humans
Combining drug to correct MCA proved difficult

Question 24

Nitrogen
Use in plant
Deficiency signs

Answer 24

Protein synthesis and growth

Stunted growth, yellow leaves

Question 25

Phosphorus Use in plant Deficiency signs

Answer 25

Making roots | Poor roots and purple leaves

Question 26

Potassium Use in plant Deficiency signs

Answer 26

Making flowers and plants | Yellow leaves with dead spots

Question 27

Magnesium Use in plant Deficiency signs

Answer 27

Making chlorophyll | Leaves turn yellow at the bottom

Question 28

How to identify the disease a plant has

Answer 28

Reference gardening manual or website Take infected plant to lab to identify pathogen Use testing kit that contains MCAs

Question 29

Plant mineral deficiency

Answer 29

Plants don't grow properly if deprived of minerals and begin to look unhealthy said to have mineral deficiency

Question 30

Plant defence responses

Answer 30

Plants have evolved both physical and chemical defences against pathogenic micro organisms

Question 31

Mechanical adaptations of plants

Answer 31

Thorns and hair deter animals (e.g cacti) Leaves which drop or curl when touches causing animals to fall off Mimicry to trick animals leaving mimic eggs to prevent butterflies from laying their eggs there

Question 32

Chemical plant defence response

Answer 32

``` Antibacterial chemicals (mint, witch hazel etc) Poison to deter herbivores (fox gloves etc) animals quickly learn to avoid eating plants that make them feel unwell ```

Question 33

Physical defence responses to resist invasion of micro organisms Cellulose cell walls

Answer 33

Strengthen plant cells and helps resist invasion by micro organisms. Reason why aphids piercing cellulose cell walls are so damaging breeches barrier and gives pathogens a way into cells

Question 34

Physical defence responses to resist invasion of micro organisms Tough way cuticle

Answer 34

On surface of leaves prevents entry of pathogens acting as a barrier. Stomata is only place that pathogens have access to cells within the leaf

Question 35

Physical defence responses to resist invasion of micro organisms Bark on leaves

Answer 35

As well as layer of dead cells on outside of cells form protective layer makes it hard for pathogens to penetrate. When dead cells shed or are lost the pathogens fall off with them

Question 36

Physical defence responses to resist invasion of micro organisms Leaves falling off deciduous trees

Answer 36

In autumn time any pathogens that've infected leaf, such as rose black spot, fall off tree when leaves are lost

Question 37

Communicable diseases

Answer 37

Lower respiratory infections Trachea bronchitis lung infections HIV/AIDS Diarrhoeal diseases

Question 38

Non-communicable diseases

Answer 38

``` Coronary heart disease Stroke COPD Diabetus mellitus Road injury Hyper intensive ```

Question 39

Risk factors for disease

Answer 39

Aspects of lifestyle such as smoking, lack of exercise or overeating Substances present in environment or in body such as ionising radiation, UV light from sun, or second hand tobacco smoke

Question 40

Epidemiology

Answer 40

Study of evidence (number of cases) and pattern of a disease with a view to finding the means of preventing and controlling it

Question 41

What's a correlation

Answer 41

Occurs when change in one of two variables is reflected by change in other variable Often no experimental evidence to prove that one causes the other no causal relationship