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Biology > Year 10 Test 3 > Flashcards

Year 10 Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Control of constant internal conditions, involves nervous and endocrine system and many organs

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2
Q

What are hormones

A

Chemical substances
Secreted by glands
Transported to target organ by bloodstream

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3
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Master gland, produces hormones, some act on other glands e.g growth hormone, FSH, LH, ADH, TSH

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4
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Thyroxine released which helps to regulate metabolism, heart rate and temperature

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5
Q

Pancreas

A

Glucagon and insulin produced, both involved in regulating blood glucose levels

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6
Q

Ovaries

A

Produces progesterone and oestrogen which are involved in menstrual cycle

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7
Q

Testes

A

Produces testosterone which controls sperm production and puberty

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8
Q

Adrenal gland

A

Produces adrenaline which prepares body for flight or fight response

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9
Q

What happens if too much water moves into or out of cells

A

They can be damaged or destroyed

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10
Q

How do minerals and water enter and leave the body

A

Enter body when eat or drink

Salt lost in sweat, water lost when breathe out and sweat, water and salt lost in urine

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11
Q

What does the concentration of urine produced by the kidneys depend on

A

Nerves and hormones

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12
Q

What happens if you drink lots of water

A

Kidneys remove excess water from blood and lots of very pale urine produced

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13
Q

Controlling body temperature

A

Core body temp 37degrees and surface temp may fluctuate widely but core must stay the same
At only few degrees different enzymes can either denature or slow down reaction as fewer collisions

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14
Q

What can affect body temperature

A

External temp rising or falling
Fevers caused by disease
Energy produced in muscles from respiration during exercise

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15
Q

Thermoregulatory centre

A

Located in brain, contains receptors which are sensitive to temp change in blood flowing through brain

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16
Q

Where does the extra info come from about temp

A

Comes from temp receptors in skin which send impulses to centre giving info about skin temp. Receptors are can detect change of as little as 0.5degrees

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17
Q

Vasodilation

A

Arterioles dilate so more blood enters the skin surface capillaries and heat is lost

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18
Q

Sweating

A

Sudofric glands secrete sweat which removes heat when water changes state

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19
Q

Pilorelaxation

A

This means the hair flattens

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20
Q

Stretching out

A

By opening up, body has a larger surface area

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21
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Arterioles get smaller to reduce blood going to skin, keeping body warm

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22
Q

Shivering

A

Rapid constriction and relaxing of skeletal muscles. Heat produced by respiration

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23
Q

Piloerection

A

Hairs on skin stand up, trapping a layer of insulated air

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24
Q

Curling up

A

Making yourself smaller so smaller surface area

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25
Q

What are responsible for controlling blood glucose levels

A

Sugar and other carbohydrates

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26
Q

What happens after digestion and then after exercise

A

Straight away blood sugar levels become very high but after exercise the levels fall again

27
Q

What keeps the blood glucose levels constant

A

Insulin and glucagon

28
Q

What happens when blood glucose levels fall

A

Glucagon is produced which causes glycogen to be converted into glucose and released into blood

29
Q

What does insulin do

A

Causes liver to remove excess glucose from blood and then converted into to glycogen which is stored in liver and muscles

30
Q

What is the usual amount of glucose in the blood

A

90mg per 100cm^3 of blood

31
Q

Cause of type 1 diabetes

A

Sudden and almost complete inability to produce insulin, often occurs in kids under 15 (early onset)

32
Q

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A

Severs thirst, weight loss and tiredness usually fairly fast

33
Q

Treatment for type 1 diabetes

A

Insulin injections, amount needed deepens on diet and how active the individual is

34
Q

Cause of type 2 diabetes

A

Where person becomes resistant to their own insulin meaning it’s unable to move glucose into cells. Main reason being overweight (around belly)

35
Q

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes

A

Tiredness, thirst, needs to pass urine more often, some thrush and blurred vision. Affects heart kidneys nerves and eyed. Narrowed arteries

36
Q

Treatment for type 2 diabetes

A

Lose weight or given tablets to stimulates insulin production or help body use insulin more effectively

37
Q

Why is it important to maintain water balance in the body

A

If balance is upset the cells can be damaged or destroyed e.g. Osmotic balance -> cells shrink or burst

38
Q

Where does urea come from

A

Produced in liver by break-down of amino acids this is removed by the kidneys in urine which is temporarily stored in the bladder

39
Q

What do the kidneys produce

A

Urine by filtration of blood and selective reabsorption of useful substances e.g. glucose, some ions and water

40
Q

What moves out of blood and into kidney tubules

A

Sugar (glucose), amino acids, mineral salts and urea move to kidney tubules by diffusion along concentration gradient

41
Q

What is left behind

A

Blood cells and large protein molecules as too large to pass through membrane of tubule

42
Q

What happens to the sugar

A

All sugar reabsorbed back into blood by active transport

43
Q

What happens to the water and urea

A

Amount of water reabsorbed depends on body’s needs, controlled by sensitive feedback mechanism
Urea lost in urine

44
Q

Kidneys blood supply and bladder

A

Rich blood supply and produce urine all of the time. Trickles into bladder where stored until you chose to empty it

45
Q

What is ADH

A

Anti-diuretic hormone

46
Q

What is diuresis

A

Increases urine production

47
Q

Water level in the body is controlled by…

A

ADH which acts on kidney tubule. Released by pituitary gland. When blood too concentrated it causes water to be reabsorbed into blood from tubules controlled be negative feedback

48
Q

How does dialysis work

A

Fluid contains same conc. of glucose, mineral ions as body
Urea diffuses into fluid from blood but cells and large proteins can’t pass through dialysis membrane
Restores concentration of substances back to normal

49
Q

Dialysis and hospitals

A

Many people got to hospital to receive dialysis but in 1964 home dialysis was made available

50
Q

Kidney transplants

A

Donor kidney joined blood vessels in groin of patient.
Chance of rejection as foreign to body so to reduce risk match is made with similar tissue type so antigens similar
Recipient given immunosuppressant

51
Q

Female reproductive hormones

A

Oestrogen and progesterone (from ovaries)

LH and FSH (from pituitary gland)

52
Q

Male reproductive hormones

A

Testosterone (from testes)

53
Q

What is FSH

A

Follicle stimulating hormone - stimulates follicle to mature (a follicle contains an egg)

54
Q

What is LH

A

Luteinising hormone

55
Q

Control of menstrual cycle

A

FSH secreted by pituitary causing egg to mature and stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen which is secreted by ovaries and inhibits further production of FSH. Also stimulates lining of uterus to build up and stimulates pituitary to produce LH which stimulates ovulation from 1 ovary in the middle of the cycle

56
Q

What does progesterone do

A

From ovary and maintains lining of uterus during middle part of cycle and during pregnancy

57
Q

Oestrogen only pill

A

Taken everyday, keeps oestrogen levels permanently high. Inhibits FSH so egg maturation and release stops
Concerns about it causing blood clots

58
Q

Combines oestrogen and progesterone pill

A 
Progesterone stimulates production of thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm meeting egg 
Over 99% effective 
Doesn't protect against STIs 
Reduces risks of some types of cancer
Can cause headaches, nausea
59
Q

Skin patches, implants and injections

A

Patch contains oestrogen and progesterone, small and sticks to skin, lasts a week
Implant inserted under skin contains progesterone lasts 3 years
Injection contains progesterone, lasts 2-3 months

60
Q

Barrier methods

A

Condom worn over penis, prevents sperm entering
Diaphragm, shallow plastic cup placed over cervix, can be used with spermicide
Spermicide alone not very effective

61
Q

Intrauterine devices

A

T-shaped device inserted into uterus and kills sperm

Plastic IUDs release progesterone and copper kill the sperm

62
Q

Surgical methods

A

Sterilisation is cutting/tying Fallopian tube or sperm duct

Permanent procedure but small chance the tubes may rejoin

63
Q

Natural methods

A

Find out when ovulating and avoid sex on those days

Popular with those who find the other methods unnatural

64
Q

IVF process

A

FSH and LH given to woman to stimulate maturation of multiple eggs
Eggs collected from ovaries then fertilised in lab using sperm
Fertiliser eggs grow into embryos in a lab incubator
Once formed, one or two transferred to woman’s uterus

Biology (16 decks)

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