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Biology > Respiration And Photosythesis Year 10 > Flashcards

Respiration And Photosythesis Year 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Equation for photosynthesis (words)

A

Carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen
Light energy
Chlorophyll

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2
Q

Equation for photosynthesis (formula)

A

6CO2 + 6H2O —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

What happens to Carbon Dioxide during photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide diffuses in from the air through the stomata of the leaf

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4
Q

What happens to water during photosynthesis

A

Water from the soil absorbed by the root hair cells (large SA) by osmosis

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5
Q

What happens to glucose during photosynthesis

A

Used in respiration (releases energy) converted into starch. Used to produce fat - or oil for storage, cellulose to strengthen cell walls and provide protein

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6
Q

What happens to oxygen during photosynthesis

A

Some used in respiration net production of oxygen

Oxygen diffused out of leaf through stomata

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7
Q

Why does a leaf have a flat, thin, large surface area

A

To absorb maximum light energy

Thin so gases (CO2) can diffuse to the palisade cells quickly and easily

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8
Q

Why does a leaf contain chlorophyll

A

To absorb light for photosynthesis

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9
Q

Why do leaves have a network of veins

A

To transport water and minerals to the leaf (xylem) and carbohydrates away from the leaf (phloem)

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10
Q

Why do leaves have a waxy layer

A

Waxy layer and upper epidermis are translucent to allow light to pass through to the palisade cells

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11
Q

What you can you do to test if photosynthesis has taken place

A

Leaves can be tested for starch by using iodine

Turns from yellow to blue black

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12
Q

The inverse square law

A

Light is proportional to 1/distance (d) ^2

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13
Q

Factors limiting the rate of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide, as levels increase so does the rate of photosynthesis
Temperature, as temp increases, so does rate until 45*C
Light intensity

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14
Q

Hydroponics

A

Artificial growing system that uses water instead of soil, the roots are given minerals in a controlled manner
Crops sold to supermarkets

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15
Q

Advantages of hydroponics

A

5 times the yield compared to growing on a field
No need for weed killers or pest killers
Less harmful to environment (eutrophication)
Can monitor and manipulate O2 and minerals

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16
Q

Disadvantages of hydroponics

A

More workers so more costly
Computers and monitoring systems can be costly
Expensive to start up business

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17
Q

Small holding

A

Small area of land where different crops grown
Beans always grown because they contain nitrate (leguminous) needed for other plants to grow
Every year plants rotated and planted in place of crop before so they all get nutrients needed to grow

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18
Q

Arable farming

A 
Farms crops (wheat and oil seed rape) in area of large land 
After harvest, stubble plunged back into ground 
Fertiliser is added to keep mineral levels right
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19
Q

What is respiration

A

Releasing energy from food

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20
Q

Equation for aerobic respiration (word)

A

Oxygen + glucose —> Carbon Dioxide + water (+energy)

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21
Q

Equation for aerobic respiration (formula)

A

6O2 + C6H12O6 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

22
Q

What is aerobic respiration and where does it take place

A

Takes place in every living cell or specialised membranes
Enzyme controlled reaction
Reaction transfers energy from glucose into energy (exothermic)

23
Q

What are the membranes in eukaryotes and prokaryotes involved in aerobic respiration

A

Eukaryotes- the membranes are in the mitochondria

Prokaryotes- the membranes are called mesosomes

24
Q

Oxygen in aerobic respiration

A

Breathed in through lungs —> blood —> circulates, diffuses into all cells

25
Q

Glucose in aerobic respiration

A

Digested into digestive system —> absorbed into blood —> diffuses into cells

26
Q

Carbon dioxide in aerobic respiration

A

Produced by respiration in cells, diffuses into blood then carried around body to alveoli, then diffuses into lungs and breathed out

27
Q

Water in aerobic respiration

A

Produced by cells in respiration, diffuses out into blood by osmosis, circulates around body then excess removed through sweat, urine and breath

28
Q

Use of energy in aerobic respiration

A

Used for contraction of muscles, active transport, chemical reactions within cells, cell division and protein synthesis

29
Q

Role of cytoplasm in aerobic respiration

A

Where enzymes are made, locations of reactions in aerobic respiration

30
Q

Role of nucleus in aerobic respiration

A

Holds genetic code for enzymes involved in respiration

31
Q

Role of mitochondria in aerobic respiration

A

Contains enzymes for aerobic respiration

32
Q

Roll of cell membrane in aerobic respiration

A

Allows gases and water to pass freely into and out of cell. Controls passage of other molecules

33
Q

What are mitochondria

A

Small rod shaped organelles found in most eukaryotic cells.

Folded inner membrane-large surface area for enzymes involved in aerobic respiration

34
Q

What does the number of mitochondria in a cell show

A

How active the cell is

35
Q

muscles

A

Use of lost of energy for movement, support, breathing and circulation
Muscle tissue made of protein fibres that occur in big blocks or groups called muscles
Contract to cause movement, relax when role is finished

36
Q

Effect of exercise on muscles

A

Contract using energy from respiration
Contain many mitochondria
Contain glycogen stores

37
Q

What is glycogen

A

Carbohydrate that is rapidly hydrolysed into glucose

38
Q

Change of heart and lung functions during exercise

A

Increase in heart rate, breathing rate and breath volume
Glycogen stores in muscles converted to glucose for cellular respiration
Flow of oxygenated blood to muscles increases

39
Q

What’s the function of glycogen

A

The store of energy that can be converted back to glucose to be used for cellular respiration

40
Q

Why do muscles contain a store of glycogen when most other body tissues don’t?

A

Normal cells get glucose form diffusion and muscles work hardest so need a store of glycogen for contraction

41
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

Respiration without oxygen
During vigorous exercise cells become short of oxygen because not supplied fast enough bust energy can still be obtained through glucose but without the oxygen

42
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration

A

Glucose —> lactic acid + energy (small amounts)

43
Q

Muscle fatigue

A

Muscle fibres become fatigued after carrying out long exercise
Stop contracting efficiently
Very short of oxygen so switch to anaerobic respiration

44
Q

Efficiency of anaerobic respiration

A

Not as efficient
Less energy is released than during aerobic respiration

Without oxygen, the break down of glucose molecule is incomplete

45
Q

Oxygen debt

A

After exercise heart and breathing rate remain high
Length of time out of breath depends on fitness
Lactic acid can’t be breathed out
Lactic acid has to be broken down needing oxygen. Known as oxygen debt

46
Q

Equation for oxygen debt

A

Lactic acid + oxygen —> Carbon Dioxide + water

47
Q

Role of liver in breakdown of lactic acid

A

As lactic acid accumulates in muscle cells, it enter bloodstream. Liver soaks up circulating lactate, when resting, liver is busy oxidising lactic acid into carbon dioxide and water

48
Q

How do the arteries supplying the leg muscle alter the rate of blood flow through them during exercise

A

The arteries dilate to allow more blood flow

49
Q

How does an increase in heart rate help a student during exercise

A

Muscles use more energy and more energy is released
Muscles respire faster and supply more oxygen and glucose
They remove CO2 lactic acid and heat to cool the muscle cells

50
Q

What is metabolism

A

Sum of all reactions in a cell or the body
Energy transferred by respiration in cells is used by the organism for the continual enzyme controlled process of metabolism that synthesise new molecules

51
Q

Types of metabolism

A

There are hundreds of chemical reactions taking place in our body at any one time

Biology (16 decks)

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