YD: SOCIAL CLASS, GENDER & ETHNICITY Flashcards

1
Q

What do official measures of crime suggest about the background of deviant youths?

A

Youths from working-class backgrounds are much more likely to become involved in deviance and criminality.

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2
Q

What does Barnado’s show about children in the youth justice system?

A

Predominantly drawn from the poorest and most disadvantaged families.

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3
Q

What did Jacobson find when researching the background of 200 children in custody?

A

Found multiple disadvantages, with around 3/4 known to have absent fathers, half having lived in a deprived home and just under half having ran away at some point in their lives.

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4
Q

What did the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development suggest?

A

That socio-economic deprivation was a key predictor of future criminality.

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5
Q

Why is this viewpoint of deviance and class questionable?

A

It is debatable as to whether working-class youths actually commit more crime, or if they’re just caught more.

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6
Q

What has deviance and criminality from working-class youths become to police?

A

More likely to be visible and targeted by police and criminal justice institutions.
(Use Chambliss’ study to demonstrate this).

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7
Q

What do police surveys show about crime in relation to gender?

A

Overwhelmingly male activity.

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8
Q

What does Home Office data show about young men aged 10-17? What about young women?

A

Were found to be responsible for 20% of all police-recorded crime in 2009/10 and young women responsible for only 4%.

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9
Q

What does Campbell’s study suggest from self-report studies filled in by young people?

A

The difference is not as great as for adults, or as great as the official statistics suggest.

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10
Q

What does official crime data suggest about the peak ages for offending?

A
Girls = 15
Boys = 18
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11
Q

What does the number of women prisoners between 1994 and 2004 show?

A

The number of women in prison in England and Wales increased by 150%

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12
Q

What did Muncie argue about female crime?

A

Small rises in recorded crime created a moral panic about female offending and ‘girl gangs’.

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13
Q

What ethnic group makes up the overwhelming majority of crime and deviance?

A

White British background, as they make up the majority of the population.

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14
Q

Where is there a disproportionate number of youths in the criminal justice system?

A

Among African-Caribbean youths.

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15
Q

What do Home Office statistics show about young people from a black ethnic background?

A

Accounted for 21% of young people in custody in 2012/13.

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16
Q

How much more are black people stopped and searched according to Home Office figures?

A

Black people were stopped and searched 7 times more than white people in 2009/10 and 6 times more in 2006/7.

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17
Q

How much of the stop and search figures are made up by people from an Asian ethnic group?

A

9.6%

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18
Q

How much did arrest rates among asians rise in 2005/6?

A

By 13%, the largest rise for any ethnic group.

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19
Q

What is an issue with the official statistics for ethnicity and crime?

A

There is a discrepancy in the way black and white young offenders are dealt with within the criminal justice system.

20
Q

What important thing do crime statistics ignore according to Lea and Young?

A

Most UK crime is ‘intra-racial’ meaning it takes place within ethnic communities.

21
Q

What do Lea and Young argue will come out of people understanding this idea of ‘intra-racial’ crime?

A

Explanations for the high rates of black criminality can be sought from within the black community.

22
Q

What did Young believe drew working-class youths towards gangs?

A

‘intensity of exclusion’, incorporated feelings of resentment, humiliation and anger fuelled by economic deprivation.

23
Q

What analogy did Harding use to explain how working-class youths become involved in gang culture?

A

Casino analogy - saw gangs as a social arena where members struggle for status, position and survival. Success is determined by accruing and retaining ‘street capital’.

24
Q

What did White state about where gangs arise?

A

Wherever and whenever conditions of poverty and social exclusion become evident.

25
Q

What does Faludi state about masculinity of deviant boys?

A

Young males committing crime is not ‘deviant’ at all, it is an expression of the qualities we admire in society.

26
Q

Which three sociologists can be linked to masculinity and youth deviance?

A

Messerschmidt, Harding and Campbell.

27
Q

What does Bourdieu argue in criticism of arguments for masculinity as a cause of deviance?

A

Ignores the ‘symbolic violence’ perpetrated by more powerful, older men in society.

28
Q

What does Connell reject?

A

Common-sense, biological or psychological explanations for male violence.

29
Q

How does Heidensohn explain the lower incidence of female deviance?

A

Focuses on social control, girls are subject to much more control in their behaviour - for example Lees and the peer group.

30
Q

What did Klein state about female gang members? How do Pearce and Pitts support this?

A

Female gang members commit equally violence acts.

Peace and Pitts estimated that 12,500 girls have close involvement with gangs.

31
Q

What did both Mac an Ghaill and Archer and Yamashita find in their studies of boys and anti-school subcultures?

A

Displayed hegemonic masculinity, with the boys in A&Y’s study being attached to a ‘bad boy’ image of hyperheterosexuality.

32
Q

What did Jackson find about anti-school subcultures among girls?

A

‘ladishness’ in schools, as it was cool to be clever but not to work hard.

33
Q

What did Blackman find when studying female anti-educational attitudes?

A

The New Wave Girls, who resisted the expectations of their gender and presented an anti-school not anti-education attitude.

34
Q

What did Nightingale find in their study of young black males in Philadelphia?

A

They consumed the same mainstream US culture as everyone else, but were excluded both racially and economically, so they’d turn to illegitimate means to achieve.

35
Q

What did Bourgois find in their study of African-American drug dealers in NY?

A

Discussed the ‘anguish of growing up poor’ in the richest city in the world. Saw it as understandable why they would get into drug-dealing rather than a minimum wage job in the city.

36
Q

What did Nightingale conclude from Bourgois and Nightingale’s studies?

A

‘The paradox of inclusion’, the desire to be included drives the desire for success and consumerism.

37
Q

What did Sewell state about anti-education attitudes among black males?

A

The culture of the streets was anti-education, valuing style and instant gratification and seeing educational success as feminine.

38
Q

What were the three attitudes displayed by African-Caribbean boys towards school according to Merton?

A

Conformists
Innovators (pro-education but anti-school)
Retreatists

39
Q

What did the girls in Mirza’s study do?

A

Adopted ‘strategic rationalisation’ to avoid what they perceived to be wasteful and unproductive lesson time.

40
Q

What did Archer believe young Muslim males demonstrated in the peer group?

A

Demonstrated their masculine and religious identity in peer groups, against a backdrop of Islamophobia.

41
Q

What did Strand and Wilson identify was a key reason for anti-school subcultures among African-Caribbean boys?

A

Negative peer relationships were a significant issue in the underachievement of African-Caribbean boys.

42
Q

What did Hall and Jefferson state about resistance through rituals?

A

WC youths use fashion trends and rituals against low socio-economic position.

43
Q

What does Smart state about control?

A

“Girls are prisoners in their own homes”.

44
Q

What does Alexander state about asian gangs?

A

‘myth of asian gangs’ the media make it out to be much worse than it actually is.

45
Q

What three anti school subcultures did Mac an Ghaill find related to class?

A

‘Ordinary’ lads, ‘academic’ lads and ‘macho’ lads.